Phonetics and Phonolgy
/trænˈskrɪp.ʃən/
What do you remember ?
Q&A
/trænˈskrɪp.ʃən/
The Phoneme: The Abstract Unit of Meaning
Definition: An abstract, contrastive unit in a language's sound system.*Notation: Written between slashes: / /How to Find Them: Minimal Pairs (sets)Two ( or more) words that differ in meaning and in only one sound in the same position. /p/ vs. /b/: pat vs. bat /s/ vs. /z/: sip vs. zip /ɪ/ vs. /i/: bit vs. beat Notes: Do not rely on spelling! It's a group of sounds (as long as meaning is not challenged)
Allophones: The Variations
Definition: The predictable, contextual variants of a single phoneme. They are the actual sounds we produce.Key Point: Switching allophones does not change word meaning. It might sound accented, but the word is the same.Notation: Written between square brackets: [ ]*phonesExample: The /t/ phoneme in English** Allophones of the same phoneme are never found in the same phonetic environment. Their occurrence is 100% predictable. [tʰ] Aspirated: top, atom. = appears at the start of stressed syllables [t] Unaspirated: stop, style = appears between a stressed and unstressed vowel [ʔ] Glottal Stop: batman, cat = appears before a syllabic nasal [
Consonant Transcription
Vowel Transcription
Types of transcription
1. Broad Transcription (Phonemic) Purpose: Represents only the phonemes. Ignores predictable variation. Use: Dictionaries, basic representation. Notation: / / Example: key /ki/ and car /kɑr/ (ignores the fronted/backed /k/) 2. Narrow Transcription (Allophonic) Purpose: Captures phonetic detail, including allophones. Use: Accent study, speech pathology, precise detail. Notation: [ ] + diacritics Example: top stop → [ˈtʰɑp ˈstɑp]
Common Diacritics Narrow Transcription
Diacritic: A small mark added to a symbol to modify its value. Essential Diacritics: [ ʰ ] Aspirated: [pʰ] (pin) [ ̪ ] Dental: [t̪ ] (eighth) [ ̚ ] Unreleased: [p̚ ] (stop) [ ~ ] Nasalized: [æ̃] (can - before the /n/) [ ̩ ] Syllabic: [n̩ ] (button)
[ : ] Long vowel [ ' ] main stress [ , ] secondary stress [ . ] syllable break
A Framework for Transcribing
Step 1: Listen for Words
- Identify the words and meaning first.
Step 2: Broad Transcription
- Break into syllables.
- Identify the underlying phonemes. Ask: "Does this sound change meaning?"
- Write it between / /.
Step 3: Narrow Transcription
- Go through each phoneme. Ask: "What is the context?"
- Apply the rules for allophonic variation.
- Add diacritics and switch to [ ].
Step 4: Mark Prosody
- Add stress [ˈ] and intonation.
Let's do it
Step 1: Utterance: "He can go." Step 2: Broad Transcription /hi kæn goʊ/ Step 3: Narrow Transcription - Analysis: /k/ → Start of stressed syllable → [kʰ] (aspirated) /æ/ → Before a nasal consonant → [æ̃] (nasalized) /g/ → Voiced stop → [g] (unaspirated) Add stress: [ˈkʰæ̃n] Final Narrow Transcription: [hi ˈkʰæ̃n goʊ]
Thank you so much!
Transcription
Javier Vaca
Created on September 20, 2025
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Transcript
Phonetics and Phonolgy
/trænˈskrɪp.ʃən/
What do you remember ?
Q&A
/trænˈskrɪp.ʃən/
The Phoneme: The Abstract Unit of Meaning
Definition: An abstract, contrastive unit in a language's sound system.*Notation: Written between slashes: / /How to Find Them: Minimal Pairs (sets)Two ( or more) words that differ in meaning and in only one sound in the same position. /p/ vs. /b/: pat vs. bat /s/ vs. /z/: sip vs. zip /ɪ/ vs. /i/: bit vs. beat Notes: Do not rely on spelling! It's a group of sounds (as long as meaning is not challenged)
Allophones: The Variations
Definition: The predictable, contextual variants of a single phoneme. They are the actual sounds we produce.Key Point: Switching allophones does not change word meaning. It might sound accented, but the word is the same.Notation: Written between square brackets: [ ]*phonesExample: The /t/ phoneme in English** Allophones of the same phoneme are never found in the same phonetic environment. Their occurrence is 100% predictable. [tʰ] Aspirated: top, atom. = appears at the start of stressed syllables [t] Unaspirated: stop, style = appears between a stressed and unstressed vowel [ʔ] Glottal Stop: batman, cat = appears before a syllabic nasal [
Consonant Transcription
Vowel Transcription
Types of transcription
1. Broad Transcription (Phonemic) Purpose: Represents only the phonemes. Ignores predictable variation. Use: Dictionaries, basic representation. Notation: / / Example: key /ki/ and car /kɑr/ (ignores the fronted/backed /k/) 2. Narrow Transcription (Allophonic) Purpose: Captures phonetic detail, including allophones. Use: Accent study, speech pathology, precise detail. Notation: [ ] + diacritics Example: top stop → [ˈtʰɑp ˈstɑp]
Common Diacritics Narrow Transcription
Diacritic: A small mark added to a symbol to modify its value. Essential Diacritics: [ ʰ ] Aspirated: [pʰ] (pin) [ ̪ ] Dental: [t̪ ] (eighth) [ ̚ ] Unreleased: [p̚ ] (stop) [ ~ ] Nasalized: [æ̃] (can - before the /n/) [ ̩ ] Syllabic: [n̩ ] (button)
[ : ] Long vowel [ ' ] main stress [ , ] secondary stress [ . ] syllable break
A Framework for Transcribing
Step 1: Listen for Words
- Identify the words and meaning first.
Step 2: Broad Transcription- Break into syllables.
- Identify the underlying phonemes. Ask: "Does this sound change meaning?"
- Write it between / /.
Step 3: Narrow Transcription- Go through each phoneme. Ask: "What is the context?"
- Apply the rules for allophonic variation.
- Add diacritics and switch to [ ].
Step 4: Mark ProsodyLet's do it
Step 1: Utterance: "He can go." Step 2: Broad Transcription /hi kæn goʊ/ Step 3: Narrow Transcription - Analysis: /k/ → Start of stressed syllable → [kʰ] (aspirated) /æ/ → Before a nasal consonant → [æ̃] (nasalized) /g/ → Voiced stop → [g] (unaspirated) Add stress: [ˈkʰæ̃n] Final Narrow Transcription: [hi ˈkʰæ̃n goʊ]
Thank you so much!