Mongol empire

Mongol empire

Maria José de la Rosa, Michelle Monterrubio, Amaia Landin

It began under Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. Around 1206, Temüjin was proclaimed Genghis Khan, uniting the Mongol tribes. The empire rapidly expanded through a series of military campaigns that conquered neighboring tribes and states. By 1207, it had consolidated the Mongolian Plateau, Various tribes such as the Naiman, Kereid, and Tatars. Mongols were recognized for their military strategies, organization, and horseback riding. With only these elements, they were able to defeat large enemies. Due to several factors such as internal struggles within the empire, military defeats, invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281, and it’s biggest factor: the death of Genghis Khan in 1227. It was divided among his sons and grandsons, leading to the formation of separate khanates such as the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Chagatai Khanate, and the Yuan Dynasty. The empire's influence lasted into the 14th century even after its fragmentation.

Trade

Migration

Expansion

Goods

Politics

Expansion

The empire expanded west, north, and southward. Central Asia, Eastern Europe and parts of the Middle East and China were part of the empire. - 1200s: Settle the unification of the Mongol tribes, parts of Mongolia and the neighboring areas. - 1220 and 1240: Genghis Khan had conquered Central Asia, Khwarezmian Empire, parts of Russia, and Eastern Europe. - 1250s: Invasion to China, Middle East, and Europe. They had reached the greatest territorial extent.

Trade routes

• Domain of Silk Road
• Faccilitates cross-cultural, connects to commerce and diplomacy
• Secure networks (more movement)
• Cultural exchange in history.

Migration

It started from the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian plateau. They traveled as a nomadic group acquireing other military groups nomadic groups. From the main migrations, there were secondary ones. There were displaced populations. Some fled or they were forcibly relocated.

Example: communities in Iran, later moved into safer neighboring provinces or the Persian Gulf. There were destruction of irrigation systems. Depending on where they needed it, they relocated artisans, laborers, and slaves according to the empire's needs, guiding into fertile areas.

Goods and trades

- From China: silk, fine porcelain, tea, and satins. - From Central Asia and Siberian territories: furs, animal products like ginseng and deer horns, spices, textiles, and precious metals. - In a more general matter, their most common trades would be perfumes, beads, hats, combs, and cutlery. - Not only merchandise but cultural aspects, ideas, technologies, and religious beliefs were widely spread across the empire.

Politics

Mongol policies controlled the Silk Roades routes. An example of the policy applied would be to exempting foreign traders from taxation, granting privileges under Kubali Khan. This would encourage active participation in trade, also creating a culture of hospitality for merchants. Mongol rulers would establish administrative centers and military colonies. These were filled with elites and allied people. This strategy encouraged migration of Mongols or allied tribes, so the new areas would be maintained under control and integrate governance.

An example of this is how Mongol would bend Persian cultures to settle policies of their government. The empire’s nomadic heritage supported trade dynamics using camels due to their easy use in harsh landscapes