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Solución de las Ec. onda de ec. Maxwell y ondas planas
Elizabeth Fonseca chavez
Created on May 2, 2025
solucion de ecuaciones de onda
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Ecuaciones de Maxwell en forma diferencial
Solución de las Ec. onda de ec. Maxwell y ondas planas
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Se presenta la solución de la ecuación de onda electromagnética derivada de las ecuaciones de Maxwell para una onda plana en diferentes medios, junto con una aplicación numérica para ilustrar las diferencias. Dra. Elizabeth Fonseca Chávez 2 mayo 2025
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Onda Plana en el espacio Libre
- Medio homogéneo, isotrópico y lineal.
- Ausencia de cargas y corrientes libres: ρ = 0, J = 0.
- Relaciones constitutivas: D = ε₀E, B = μ₀H, donde ε₀ es la permitividad del vacío y μ₀ es la permeabilidad del vacío.
- Sustituyendo estas condiciones en las ecuaciones de Maxwell:
- ∇ ⋅ E = 0
- ∇ ⋅ B = 0
- ∇ × E = -∂B/∂t
- ∇ × H = ∂D/∂t = ε₀∂E/∂t
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‘Aplicando el rotacional a la Ley de Faraday y usando la Ley de Ampère-Maxwell: ∇ × (∇ × E) = -∂(∇ × B)/∂t = -μ₀∂(∇ × H)/∂t = -μ₀ε₀∂²E/∂t² Usando la identidad vectorial ∇ × (∇ × A) = ∇(∇ ⋅ A) - ∇²A y la Ley de Gauss para el campo eléctrico (∇ ⋅ E = 0), obtenemos la ecuación de onda para el campo eléctrico: ∇²E - μ₀ε₀∂²E/∂t² = 0
Ec.Onda
Ecuación de Onda del campo Eléctrico
Para una onda plana que se propaga en la dirección z, los campos E y B solo dependen de z y t. Si el campo eléctrico está polarizado en la dirección x, la solución general para el campo eléctrico es: E(z, t) = E₀ f(z - vt) î + E₀ g(z + vt) î
Plana
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CEcuanción de onda Plana
Medio Conductor: Homogeneo, Isotrópico y Lineal ε = ε₀ μ=μ₀, D = εE =E B = μH = H
Es conductor o es dieléctrico con perdidas o sin perdidas.
Medio Dieléctrico (sin pérdidas)
σ = 0, ε> > 1. μ ≈ μ₀, μ ≈ 1) ∇²ψ - με ∂²ψ/∂t² = 0.
conductor, el valor de conductividad existe Es Dieléctrico sigma es cero
∇²E - με∂²E/∂t² = 0 ∇²B - με∂²B/∂t² = 0 ∇²ψ - με ∂²ψ/∂t² - μσ ∂ψ/∂t = 0 (donde ψ puede ser E o H).
Su Solución:
Conductor o Dieléctrico
Su velocidad baja dependiendo del material
v = 1/√(μ₀ε) = 1/√(μ₀ε<ε₀) = c/√ε= c/n
conductor: conductividad existe dieléctrico: conduvtividad cero
E(z, t) = E₀ f(z - vt) î + E₀ g(z + vt) î
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Ley de snell
Segunda Ley: Entre el angulo de incidencia y el refractado, existe en una relación dada n1 sin (tetha1)= n2 sin (theta 2) Ley de Reflexion total: Establece que todo rayo de luz que incide en una superficie reflectante,
Primera Ley: Los rayos incidentes y refractado, junto con la normal, pertenecen al mismo PLANO.
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Medio 1. Aire Ai* e¨(kz-wt) y Ar * e¨(-kz-wt)
Medio 2. Dieléctrico At* e¨(kz-wt)
permeabilidad=1. Permitividad= Er*E0, n2=sqrt(er), z2=z0/n2
Permebilidad=1, permitividad vacio, z0=377
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