Top 10 Instructional Design Models and Theories

sam model

Constructivist learning

ADDIE MODEL

TOP 10

bLOOM'S tAXONOMY

arcs model

INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODELS & THEORIES

cognitive load theory

gAGNE'S NINE eVENTS

Here's the top 10 instructional design models and theories that are used in the field today.

MFP OF INSTRUCTION

Dick & carey model

udl model

ARCS Model

This model stands for attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction. It is most well-known as a motivational design model that helps to engage learners. Strengths: It focuses on learner motivation, is practical and actionable, and enhances engagement.

Commonly used in:

• Develop e-learning courses
• Adult learning programs
• Marketing-style instructional content

Merrill's First Principles of Instruction

It includes five principles: task-centered, activation, demonstration, application, and integration. This model emphasizes real-world problem-solving. Strengths: Emphasizes deep learning, is research-based, and is effective across instructional formats.

Commonly used in:

• Higher education courses
• Scenario-based learning
• Competency-based training

Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction

Utilizes a sequence of steps that mirror how people learn, starting with gaining attention and ending with enhancing retention. Strengths: Instructionally rich framework, emphasizes learner engagement, and supports classroom and digital learning.

Commonly used in:

• Lesson planning
• Online course development
• Instructor-led training design

Dick and Carey Model

This is a systems-based approach where instruction is designed as a connected set of components: goals, analysis, assessments, and instruction. Strengths: It is detailed and rigorous, emphasizes alignment, and focuses on measurable outcomes.

Commonly used in:

• Instructional design courses
• Formal training evaluation
• Education program development

Bloom's Taxonomy

Known as a classification of learning objectives, consisting of six levels of hierarchy: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create. Strengths: Promotes higher-order thinking, helps design measurable objectives, and is easy to apply across disciplines.

Commonly used in:

• Curriculum development
• Learning outcomes alignment
• Assessment creation

Constructivist Learning Theory

Built upon the premise that learners actively construct knowledge through their experiences and interactions, rather than passively retrieving information. Strengths: It is learner-centered, encourages critical thinking, and promotes autonomy and discovery.

Commonly used in:

• Project-based learning
• Active learning strategies
• Informal and social learning

SAM Model

This stands for Successive Approximation Model, an agile, iterative model that emphasizes collaboration, prototyping, and stakeholder feedback. Strengths: It is fast and flexible, encourages early testing, and is ideal for dynamic environments.

Commonly used in:

• E-learning development
• Corporate learning and development
• Design teams who use agile methods

ADDIE Model

This is a foundational instructional design framework that consists of five phases: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Strengths: Clear, systematic process, flexible and adaptable, and works for any learning environment.

Commonly used in:

• Corporate training programs
• Higher education course design
• Government and military

Universal Design for Learning

This model, known as UDL, is an inclusive instructional design framework that offers multiple means of engagement, representation, and expression to support diverse learners. Strengths: Supports accessibility and equity, encourages flexible content delivery, and is backed by neuroscience.

Commonly used in:

• K-12 and higher education
• Online learning platforms
• Developing accessibility compliance

Cognitive Load Theory

This theory focuses on how instructional design can manage working memory load to improve learning. Strengths: Emphasizes clarity and simplicity, guides multimedia design, and is supported by cognitive psychology.

Commonly used in:

• Developing online learning materials
• Instructional videos and animations
• Technical training