APUSH Review Timeline Project

PERIOD 1 & 2 (1491-1754)

The Americas ~1400

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

Columbus' Voyage 1492

Advancements 1450

Columbian Exchange ~1495

Major Colonization Begins 1600

Spanish Dominance ~1500

Valladolid Debate 1550

Mayflower Compact & The Great Migration 1620

Translantic Slave Trade ~15-1700s

Navigation Acts & Conflict 1651

Jamestown 1607

"American viewpoint" 1750s

The Great Awakening 1730s

Act of Toleration 1688

The Enlightenment 1685

*period 1 & 2 read from left to right top to bottom

KEY: ● NAT / ● WXT / ● GEO / ● MIG / ● POL / ● WOR / ● ARC / ● SOC

PERIOD 3 (1754-1800)

French & Indian War 1754

Boston Massacre & Boston Tea Party 1770s

Revenue & Regulations 1764-1773

Proclamation of 1763

Thomas Paine's Common Sense 1776

Intolerable Acts 1774

Declaration of Independence 1776

The Articles of Confederation 1781

The Great Compromise & The 3/5 Compromise 1787

Treaty of Paris 1783

The Constitution 1788

Proclamation of Neutrailty 1793

Alien & Sedition Acts 1798

KEY: ● NAT / ● WXT / ● GEO / ● MIG / ● POL / ● WOR / ● ARC / ● SOC

PERIOD 4 (1800-1848)

Revolution of 1800

The Missouri Compromise 1820

Era of Good Feelings 1816

War of 1812

Nullification Crisis 1828

Market Revolution 1820s

Jacksonian Democracy (Election of 1824)

Expansion of Democracy 1820s-30s

Romanticism & Transcendentalism 1820s+

Antebellum Period 1832-1860s

The Second Great Awakening 1830s

KEY: ● NAT / ● WXT / ● GEO / ● MIG / ● POL / ● WOR / ● ARC / ● SOC

PERIOD 5 (1844-1877)

Election of 1844

The Compromise of 1850

Wilmot Proviso 1846

Mexican-American War 1846

Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857

Know-Nothing Party 1850s

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

Uncle Tom's Cabin 1852

Compromise of 1877

Reconstruction 1863

Civil War 1861

Election of 1860 & Secession

Emancipation Proclamation 1863

KEY: ● NAT / ● WXT / ● GEO / ● MIG / ● POL / ● WOR / ● ARC / ● SOC

PERIOD 6 (1865-1898)

The Gilded Age 1865

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

The New South 1874

National Grange Movement 1867

Turner's Frontier Thesis 1893

Dawes Act of 1887

Gospel of Wealth 1889

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

Pullman Strike 1894

Populist Party 1890

Second Industrial Revolution 1870s-1900s

Election of 1896

KEY: ● NAT / ● WXT / ● GEO / ● MIG / ● POL / ● WOR / ● ARC / ● SOC

PERIOD 7 (1890-1945)

New Imperialism 1890s

Muckraking 1903

Open Door Policy 1899

Spanish-American War 1898

Zimmerman Telegram (WWI) 1917

Scopes Monkey Trial 1925

Amendments 1913-1920

Red Scare 1917

Wilson's Fourteen Points 1918

The Great Depression 1929

Black Tuesday & Thursday 1929

WWII & Postwar 1939

Interwar (Foreign Policy) 1930s

Roosevelt's New Deal 1933

KEY: ● NAT / ● WXT / ● GEO / ● MIG / ● POL / ● WOR / ● ARC / ● SOC

PERIOD 8-9 (1945-Present)

The Great Society 1963

Proxy Wars 1945 & on

The Cold War & Containment 1945

Brown v. Board 1954

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964

Expansion of Civil Rights Movement 1960s

Counterculture & Rise of Conservatism 1970s

Globalization 1900s & onward

Voting Rights Act of 1965

KEY: ● NAT / ● WXT / ● GEO / ● MIG / ● POL / ● WOR / ● ARC / ● SOC

Emancipation Proclamation

This was a military tactic used by Abraham Lincoln in his speech and decisively justified the freeing & emancipation of all slaves as a necessity for the military, and declared the Union as openly fighting against slavery. This declaration represents the theme of Social Structures.

World War II + Postwar

WWII was fought between the Allied Powers (US, Britain, Soviet Union) & the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, Italy). Military action & warfare took place in both the European theater & the Pacific theater. Warfare even reached the point of nuclear bombing and significant constructs in order to ensure US/Allied victory. With their victory, the US was able to claim itself as the most powerful & prosperous nation. For the restoration of war torn Europe, the Marshall Plan was created where the US would offer heavy amounts of economic aid to the European nations in hopes that as they rebuild, they would remain loyal to democracy. This war represented the APUSH theme of America in the World.

The Act of Toleration 1688

The Act of Tolerance was a response to the Gloious Revolution, a colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians, which eventually led to the Protestant Revolt. This act was also passed in response to Protestant persecution of Catholicism - leading to Cecil Calvert, claiming half of Virginia (which became Maryland) as a haven for Catholics facing perseuction from Protestants. This act was significant, not only in ending religious persecution in Maryland, but also acting as a religious freedom benchmark in the colonies. This act reflects the American & Regional Culture.

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"New Imperialism"

With the perception that the US frontier had now closed, just as Turner's thesis had predicted, now dissatisfied urban workers & farmers reached for overseas & foreign territory as the safety valve the western frontier once was. This essentially acted as the idea of imperialistic competition through arms & economic dominance. With the growth of industries, foreign countries offered valuable raw materials & resources as well as markets for manufactured products. Additionally, the US felt the political/military need to compete with other imperialist nations to ensure their status as a first class nation. They also applied the idea of Manifest Destiny (the divine right for expansion) and Darwinism's survival of the fittest to acquire territories overseas. This new era of imperialism represented the theme of America in the World.

Spanish Dominates Initial Colonization

Spanish domination of American colonization began with their successful funding of Christopher Columbus, and continued with other prominent explorers such as Hernan Cortes with his conquering of the Aztecs as well as Francisco Pizarro with his conquest of the Inca Empire. This created a space for the Spanish to reign intitial supremacy of their colonies, utilizing new economic systems like the encomienda & caste systems to create a complex society and hierarchy. The theme in relation is Social Structures.

Spanish-American War

As part of their new imperialistic ideals, American expansionists wanted to acquire Cuba, a Spanish colony. Lead up to the Spanish-American War was facilitated through yellow journalism & expansionist intentions. US victory was able to achieve Cuban independence from Spain, annexation of the Philippines & annexation of Hawaii. This war reflects America in the World.

Declaration of Independence 1776

After much debate within the colonists - including the meetings of the First Continental Congress, Suffolk Resolves, and more - and after the events of militia at Lexington & Concord as well as Bunker Hill, the colonists could no longer avoid the proposal of independence. On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence was adopted and led to revolutionary war. This historic declaration of independence from the British government represents the American & National Identity theme.

Chinese Exclusion Act

The Chinese Exclusion Act was a response to the influx of immigration, especially from China, proving to be a concern for labor union members & nativists both economically and socially. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first major law that limited immigration based on a race/nationality and banned all new immigration from China. This act represents aspects of the Migration & Settlement theme.

The Antebellum Period

The Antebellum Period saw the rise of diverse reform movements spreading across the nation with the broad goals of improving society (through tax-supported education, alcohol control, equal rights for women, abolishment of slavery, and many other forms). This period was highly motivated by Puritan ideals & their sense of mission - especially reinforced from the Second Great Awakening, as well as the Enlightenment & Romanticism movements. This period saw diverse groups of reform such as the Temperance Movement, humanitarian asylum movement, the Women's Rights movement, and the Antislavery Movement. All of these varying groups pushed their own agendas strongly and emphatically through organizations and conventions, public education & speaking, and overall group efforts in the goal to better society. The Antebellum Period reflected the theme American & Regional Culture.

The Columbian Exchange

Christopher Columbus' successful exploration of the Americas resulted in the phenomenal transfer of food, animals, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas. This exchange of culture & diversity transformed all players involved regarding foods, economic systems, and peoples. This phenomenon was a cultural and global shift in the standing of the interconnection of continents & resources. The theme in relation is America in the World / American & Regional Culture.

The Rise of the Populist Party

The rise of the Populist Party came from the growing agrarian discontent in the West & the South, with the goal to work against the concentration of economic power & wealth. Their platform, the Omaha Platform, focused on the direct popular election of senators, unlimited coinage of silver, government ownership of railroads/telephones, and the stabilization of prices of crops for farmers. The formation of the Populist Party represents the theme of American & Regional Culture.

Nullification Crisis

Jackson's increased tariff was declared as a "Tariff of Abominations" by South Carolina despite Jackson being of the states' rights position. South Carolina claimed the tariff was unconstitutional and went on to advocate for the nullification theory in which each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or declare it null/void of power. South Carolina increased tensions even further by creating the Proclamation of the People of South Carolina to which Jackson responded by preparing the military. This event represented one of the first tensioned crises in which the division between beliefs/interests became a national problem, reflecting the theme of American & Regional Culture.

Settlement of Jamestown, 1607

The colony of Jamestown, Virginia was a significant and historic settlement because it was the first colony of the future 13 British colonies. Although they faced early suffering from their swampy location proving poor for economic benefit, diseases, and various conflicts with native residency nearby, their settlement was still significant in creating opportunities & inspiration for future settlers from Britain. After the initial struggles, the leadership and efforts of Captain John Smith & settler John Rolfe and his native wife Pocahontas, Jamestown settlers were able to initiate the harvesting of the profitable crop of tobacco, creating a drastic change of benefit to their economy. This settlement represents the APUSH theme of Migration & Settlement.

The Great Compromise & The 3/5 Compromise

The extremity and severity of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation created the need for a new form of government & legislature. This exposed the division in values & ideals of the colonists - creating an early form of political parties. The Great Compromise reflected the debate over representation - the question of whether larger states should proportionally have more representation. In the end, the compromise created a two-house Congress with a Senate holding equal representation + a House of Representatives where each state was represented based on the size of their population. The ⅗ Compromise was the issue of slavery and whether slaves (majority in the South) should be counted as part of the population. The compromise decided that each slave would be counted as ⅗ of a person to satisfy each side of the argument. These two significant compromises reflect the Politics and Power theme.

Election of 1844

By 1844, the events of the Texas Revolution and disputes over Maine & Oregon territories had occurred and had instilled the belief that Americans had the Manifest Destiny of taking undisputed possession of those territories. The US was catching Oregon Fever, into which President James K. Polk was elected. The possibility of annexing Texas & expanding slavery had split the Democratic Party during this time (into northern & southern sides, one opposing immediate annexation of Texas and the other proslavery & pro annexation respectively) - but the election of Polk determined the American Manifest Destiny as he was firmly dedicated to westward expansion. This election represents the theme of Politics and Power.

Alien & Sedition Acts

During the Federalist Era, the Federalist-dominated government enacted the Alien & Sedition Acts restricting Democrat-Republicans (the opposing party). These acts increased the qualifications for US citizenship, authorizing the deportation of "aliens," and prohibiting public criticism of the President/Congress, angering Democrat-Republicans severely in violation of the Constitution. These acts represent the theme of Politics & Power and how different political groups shaped the nation and legislation.

The Revolution of 1800

With the growth of political parties, the Revolution of 1800 (Election of 1800) represented the first peaceful passing of power from Federalists (with the rapid loss of popularity after Adams' presidency) to the Democratic-Republicans. This election marked Thomas Jefferson's presidency and his expansion of federal power through the Louisiana Purchase & establishment of judicial review during his presidency. This represents the Politics & Power theme as it demonstrates focus and establishment on the two political groups and their differing beliefs.

The Great Depression

The Great Depression was an era where homelessness, unemployment, and severe poverty flooded the nation. President Hoover was blamed for his laissez-faire policies as the start of the Great Depression. The Election of 1932 was heavily based on who could fight the Depression the most. This represents the theme of Politics & Power.

The Constitution

The Constitution was created in the lead of Enlightenment ideals, to guide the new republic, and to correct the significant weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. It emphasized the separation of powers (legislative, executive, and judicial) as well as a Bill of Rights defining individual liberties protecting against abuse. This new form of legislation reflects the Politics and Power theme as a transition from the Articles of Confederation.

War of 1812

The breakout of war ("Mr. Madison's War") during Madison Monroe's presidency was caused by British violation of US neutrality & conflict with them on the western frontier. Monroe's presidency was characterized with extreme nationalism, especially after their victory leading to the idea that the American future laid out west. This war was a significant factor that went into the theme of America in the World as it represented American strength and nationalistic fervor.

The Great Society - Reform by LBJ

The Great Society was a social reform program by President LBJ as a way to expand the New Deal reforms from FDR. Johnson's reforms through this program included increased funding for transit, public housing, crime prevention, clean water & air, automobile industry regulations, environment improvements, and more. Some major acts included the establishment of Medicare & Medicaid as health insurance and the Immigration Act of 1965 ending the ethnic quota acts that favored Europeans, opening the US to immigrants from the rest of the world. This reform program reflects the theme of American & National Identity.

Black Tuesday & Black Thursday - Lead up to the Great Depression

The era of economic prosperity came crashing down on what became known as Black Tuesday & Black Thursday. This was the crash of the stock market, thought to be caused by the overproduction of goods, severe debt, risky behaviors & investments, and stock speculation. This was the catalyst that brought on the Great Depression in the following months. This phenomenon reflects the theme of Work, Exchange & Technology.

The Valladolid Debate - European Treatment of Native Americans

European treatment of Native Americans & "inferior" groups varied, with some groups coexisting, others maintained good relations, while others viewed them for exploitation & conversion. This debate was manifested in advocate Bartolome de las Casas vs Juan Gines de Sepulveda in regards to the morality of American conquest and conversion of natives. This debate reflects the theme of Social Structures.

Era of Good Feelings

With Monroe's presidency came intense nationalism & support of the growth of the economy. This initiated Henry Clay's American System as a plan for advancing the nation's economic growth, including protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements. Democratic-Republicans of this era also placed significant emphasis on westward expansion & settlement. The Era of Good Feelings could be represented as the theme American & National Identity.

The Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was a movement of fervent expression of religious feeling that emerged in the colonies during the 1730s. There was a shift in the way people viewed authority, a religious revival that signiifcantly impacted the English colonies that heavily emphasized religion. This awakening - the first of many in the future - placed emphasis on personal salvation & relationships with God, creating a shift from the past ideas of authority and practices. This phenomenon reflects the theme of American & National Identity in that it shaped identity and values of the settlers.

Constitutional Amendments from 1913 to 1920

The 17th Amendment gave the responsibility of electing senators from state legislatures to the people themselves. The 18th Amendment established American Prohibition (forbidding the manufacturing & sale of alcohol). The 19th Amendment officially recognized women's right to vote. These amendments represent Politics & Power.

The Proclamation of Neutralty

As a young and new republic, the 1st president George Washington did not want to get entangled in foreign affairs, such as the French Revolution going on at this time from inspiration of the American Revolution. Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality represented his belief that the nation was too young to get involved with war & would take a stance of perfect neutrality. The Proclamation of Neutrality represented the new status of the colonies under one nation and their foreign policies - representing the theme of America in the World.

Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

"Uncle Tom's Cabin" was a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe exposing the cruelty and evil of slavery & its lifestyle, moving Northerners to regard slavery as inhumane and work against it. Southern arguments justified their cause, explaining that slavery was justified in the Bible itself and deeming the novel as an "untruth" & "Northern prejudice" towards the Southern way of life. This crisis reflected the theme of American & Regional Culture.

The Civil War

Also called the Second American Revolution, this war was fought between the Union and the Confederate States of America. The two had varying economic and political differences & advantages, and although the Union believed that it would be a quick & easy victory, this was not the case and the war would continue for a while. The Union's strategy for victory was the Anaconda Plan consisting of 3 parts - utilizing the superior US navy to block Southern ports (cutting off supply routes), taking control of the Mississippi River (splitting the Confederacy), and raising a large army to conquer the Confederate capital. The Confederates, on the other hand, with poor resources and chronic lack of money, decided to rely on foreign aid as their strategy for victory. Major battles included the Battles of Antietam, Vicksburg, and Gettysburg as well as diplomacy such as Lincoln's Gettysburg Address & Emancipation Proclamation that assisted the Union and led them to their victory. The end of war & restoration of the Union came with the surrender at Appomattox House. This represents Politics & Power.

The Treaty of Paris 1783

After many significant battles & revolutionary events (including but not limited to the Battle of Saratoga, Valley Forge, and Yorktown), defeat of British troops & British loyalists was evident, placing the Battle of Yorktown as the last major battle of the revolutionary war. The British Parliament declared the end of the war in 1783 & led to the signing of the Treaty of Paris recognizing American independence. The Treaty of Paris represents a significant reflection of American & National Identity.

Know-Nothing Party

The influx of immigrants was becoming a controversy & issue of tension, especially among natives. Nativism became significant - native opposition & hostility to immigration and the formation of anti-foreign societies that collectivized into the American Party (or Know-Nothing Party). This party worked for goals of increasing citizenship attainment time and allowing only natives to hold office. This party and their goals reflected the theme of Politics & Power.

Proxy Wars - Korean & Vietnam War

Two main proxy wars that were vital to the Cold War's outcome were that of the Korean War & Vietnam War. Both wars included the new nations being divided into communism & pro-western halves, to which the two superior nations worked to contain the other's influences, eventually leading to military warfare and many casualties (including Americans) in both wars. The various proxy wars throughout the globe reflects the idea of Politics & Power.

The New South

Editor of the newspaper Atlanta Constitution Henry Grady coined the term "The New South" as an encouragement of economic diversity and integration into laissez-faire capitalism, a shift from previous southern ways of life and to a self-sufficient economy, industrial growth, modernized transportation and improved race relations. As the South continued to mainly be tied to agriculture, figures like George Washington Carver attempted to diversify farming to escape the dependency trap on cotton. This concept reflects the theme of American & Regional Culture.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

AAfter declaring war, Woodrow Wilson made his Fourteen Points of provisions for the war - including freedom of seas, self-determination, a League of Nations organization, open diplomacy, free trade, and overall supported the idea of peace. Wilson's goals/beliefs reflect the theme of America in the World.

The "American Viewpoint"

As phenomenons such as the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment began to play a significant role in colonial society, colonists began to have diverging interests and values from the British. Especially with the idea of salutary neglect and its end in the colonies - whereas previously British policy had been loose and relatively not enforced, after British wars & need for revenue, British began to more strictly enforce restrictions & trade policies on the colonies. While colonists desired westward expansion, self-governance, and ethnic/religious diversity, Britain wanted to enforce trade regulations, peace on the frontier with the American Indians, and sovereignty over the colonies - demonstrating a deepening divde between the two. This demonstrates the theme of American & National Identity.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain and Portugal took the lead in early exploration of the Americas. Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator and Vasco de Gama, as well as Spain's Christopher Columbus both laid claims to divide the Americas. Conflicts and overlapping of territories led to the line of demarcation being drawn, where Spain claimed all lands west & Portugal east - later shifted to become the Treaty of Tordesillas. This treaty is part of the Politics & Power theme.

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Zimmerman Telegram & US Declaration of War

This was one of the major catalysts that caused US conflict to remain neutral in the oncoming European war (WWI), an interception of a German note to Mexico proposing them to start a war with the US to which Germany would help Mexico regain its lost land. President Wilson asked Congress for declaration of war on Germany in 1917. This reflects the theme of America in the World.

The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment was a significant phenomenon in Europe, of the expansion and sophistication of literature and philosophy, with the emphasis of the belief regarding God's intervention and how the "light of reason" could save humanity from the era where darkness dominated. The Enlightenment emphasized natural law and the idea of using reason & logic in society. This phenomenon reflects the theme of National & American Identity, furthering their ideas later through the expansion of the Great Awakening as well.

Scope Monkey Trial

This trial declared it as illegal to teach Darwin's evolutionary theory in Tennessee, however, in retaliation, teacher John Scopes began teaching it and was subsequently arrested. It became a highly publicized proceeding with the idea that modernism was triumphing over fundamentalism. This trial reflects American & Regional Culture.

Counterculture & The Rise of Conservatism

The rise of the counterculture movement could be seen through expression of rebellious styles of dress, music, drugs, and younger generations protesting through lyrics. This could be seen at the Woodstock Music Festival as well as the emergence of the Sexual Revolution - all things countering typical culture and going against societal norms. Additionally, in response to liberalism, society saw a resurgence of conservatism shaping politics in the deregulation of businesses & religious fundamentalism. These phenomenons represent the themes American & National Identity as well as American & Regional Culture.

Election of 1896

The Election of 1896 was a turning point in American politics. The presidential race was between William Jennings Bryan of the Democrats (unlimited coinage of silver, taking over leading issues of Populists) and William McKinley for the Republicans (high protective tariffs + Mark Hanna as his campaigning force). With McKinley's election, the stock market began to climb again, money supply increased, and farm prices/factory production rose. After 1896, the Populist Party largely declined but most of their agenda was adopted by the Democrats & Republicans, initiating an era of Republican dominance. This election represents the theme Politics & Power.

Election of 1824 - Jacksonian Democracy

Andrew Jackson became the symbol for the emerging working/middle class & the "common man." He campaigned himself as a representative of all people, as the protector of the common man against abuses made by the elite classes, held strict interpretation of the Constitution (opposed federal spending & funding), and favored states' rights. He also vetoed the rechartering of the National Bank in believing that it was unconstitutional - although it did lead to the Panic of 1837. The shift of opposing political parties and influential figures in power reflects the theme of Politics & Power.

Major European Colonies & Powers

Spanish colonization began to slow with limited resources & opposition from its initial supremacy era. Meanwhile, other European countries began their colonies. For the French, colonies such as Quebec, Louisiana, and New Orleans were important for establishing missionaries, enforcing the fur trade and emphasized access to rivers. Dutch colonies were funded through the Dutch West India Company, with establishments such as the Hudson River by Henry Hudson. The British colonies were established after prior exploration of John Cabot. The theme of Politics and Power reflects the establishemnt of the colonies.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

This was a monumental & controversial proslavery decision that significantly shaped later conflicts. In this Supreme Court case, an enslaved man named Dred Scott sued for his freedom after living in free territory for two years with his owner. The court's ruling was proslavery & controversial, declaring that as Scott was a slave, he was not a citizen and had no right to sue, and also ruled that as slaves were property, Congress could not deprive anyone of their property. This case and its ruling essentially declared the Missouri Compromise as unconstitutional & allowed for slavery in any territory. This court case reflects the theme Politics & Power.

The Wilmot Proviso

The debate over slavery made US entry into the Mexican-American war controversial. Upon winning the Mexican Cession, the slavery issue was renewed. This led to Congressman David Wilmot proposing a bill amendment that would prohibit slavery in any new lands acquired from Mexico. This was extremely controversial as it favored Northerners wanting to preserve land for White settlers only while Southerners defeated the bill as it would hurt their ways of life significantly. This reflects the theme of Politics and Power.

The Start of the Gilded Age

America was prospering with rapid economic development & westward expansion facilitated by innovations and transportation such as transcontinental railroads, agricultural machinery, and the factory system. This era was characterized with "captains of industry" controlling large corporations & domination of wealth and politics. Due to the rise of factorization & manufacturing, the Gilded Age was also made up of labor unions & strikes as well as various other social conflicts with marginalized groups that led to several policies and legislation. The Gilded Age also saw the rise of corruption & wealth disparities within social groups. This era is reflected by the APUSH theme Work, Exchange, and Technology.

Interwar Foreign Policy

After WWI, the US adopted policies of isolationism & enacted legislation that reflected a "return to normalcy" campaign under President Harding. During this time, WWII was already beginning to occur on the European front, Germany versus Britain (which had US sympathy). This led to division of ideas of isolationism versus interventionism, and the enacting of policies such as the Cash & Carry program & Lend-Lease Act that highly favored the British. Foreign policy during this time significantly reflected the theme of American & National Identity.

National Grange Movement

As industrialization & specialization occurred, farmers & their economy of agriculture became a minority and were experiencing growing threat from big corporations such as railroads and banks. Small farms could not compete with the mechanization of larger, wealthy farms and were experiencing deflation. Farmers experienced victimization with unfair heavy taxes on property & land while industrial corporations formed monopolistic trusts & charged high rates for shipment of crops. This led to the organization of the National Grange to defend farmers against middlemen, trusts, and railroads through establishment of cooperatives (businesses owned by farmers to save costs charged by middlemen). This movement represents the American & Regional Culture theme.

Christopher Columbus' Voyage

With the sponsorship of Isabella & Ferdinand, Italian sailor Christopher Columbus set sail in search of a searoute to Asia, but ended up finding the Americas. This was a phenomenal discovery for Spain & for the rest of the world. This event goes under the America in the World theme.

The Transatlantic Slave Trade

The Transatlantic Slave Trade, although not originating in the 1700s, played an enormously significant role in the Americas even at this time. It helped integrate the colonies into the global market with unlimited amounts of labor for their goods and markets, therefore helping stimulate economy and growth of the colonies. The effects & labor conditions of the imported slaves from Africa were detrimental, however, and would later create conflict & debate in the coming century. This phenomenon that significantly shaped US history reflected the theme of Migration & Settlement as well as Social Structures.

European Context for Exploration

The Renaissance played an enormous role in reshaping society and its foundational structure, changing thought and technology. This led to the upsurgence of new and advanced technology - especially naval technology (such as caravels, the compass, gunpowder, and other improvements in shipbuilding). Additionally, events like the Protestant Reformation created a religious motive to explore the world. These events can be placed under the theme of Work, Exchange, and Technology.

Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth

The idea of the Gospel of Wealth was conceptualized by Andrew Carnegie, who argued that the wealthy class held a moral responsibility of carrying out acts of civic philanthropy in helping the betterment of society & its members. Carnegie utilized his wealth to fund public institutions such as libraries, universities, and concert halls. This concept by one of the top wealthiest figures depicts the theme of Social Structures.

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Cold War & Containment

The Cold War's intense diplomatic & indirect armed conflicts were fought between the two global superpowers - the US & the Soviet Union. The goal of this war was not to engage in military conflict but rather diplomatically to spread their ideal systems and prevent the other from expanding as well as through proxy wars. Through the leadership of many figures on both the American side & the Soviet side, both nations fought unequivocally to contain the spread of either capitalism or communism throughout the globe. Additionally, the US utilized policies such as the Truman Doctrine, Containment, and many others to ensure their victory. The Cold War and their fight to end communism reflects the theme of America in the World.

The Compromise of 1877

In the Election of 1876, federal troops had withdrawn from Southern states and Democrats had returned to power. Conflict between presidential candidates Republican Rutherford B. Hayes & Democrat Samuel J. Tilden erupted, leading to the Compromise of 1877 deciding the presidential election - if Democrats would allow Hayes the presidency, he would immediately withdraw federal support for Republicans in the South, effectively bringing Reconstruction to its end. This compromise reflects the theme of Politics & Power as the South returned to power.

Reconstruction Post-Civil War

With GenReconstruction after the war happened in several different phases. Lincoln's policy ensured the ex-Confederates gaining their place back in the Union if they took the oath of allegiance & emancipated slaves. State governments could be reestablished if 10% of their voters took the loyalty oath, called the 10% Plan. Congressional Reconstruction began as an angry response to Johnson's Reconstruction policy which was much more lenient compared to that of Lincoln's. During Congress' control, Southern whites faced harsher policies & freedmen had more protection. The Reconstruction Amendments were passed during this time: the 13th Amendment (freeing all slaves in the border states), the 14th Amendment (declaring all persons born or naturalized in the US as citizens), and the 15th Amendment (prohibiting any state from denying a citizen's right to vote based on color or race). Reconstruction ended as White Supremacy began to dominate the South again after federal troops left the South - especially with the secret organizations of White supremacists and Black codes. This period of Reconstruction after the war represents the Politics & Power theme.ially templates, you can include visual resources to leave your audience amazed. You can also highlight a specific phrase or fact that will be etched in your audience's memory and even embed external content that surprises: videos, photos, audios... Whatever you want!

Revenues & Regulations

Britain continued their enacting of anti self-governance & restrictive policies, placing revenue after revenue in order to build fundings & costs that they had used up during the war with France. These acts included the Sugar Act of 1764, the Quartering Act of 1765, the Stamp Act of 1765, the Declaratory Act of 1766, the Townshend Acts of 1767, and the Tea Act in 1773. All of these restrictive policies were significant in building tension on the colonists' shoulders - all of them in some way restricting the rights & economy of the colonists. Furthermore, colonist anger also stemmed from the idea of taxation without representation - in some way or form, the restrictive revenue policies placed taxes and burdens on the colonists without a representative government in Parliament. This reflects the APUSH theme Politics and Power.

Globalization

The rapid increase in modern innovation & technology facilitated the rise of globalization - promoting the development of global & regional economic organizations and the interconnection of society, economy, and culture into one international cultivation. Organizations created from the globalization process include NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), WTO (World Trade Organization), the World Bank & International Monetary Fund, and many more. Many of these organizations continued for the next few decades and played an impactful role in modernizing global society. This phenomenon represents the theme of Work, Exchange, and Technology.

Pre-Colonial America

The presence of various cultures in the pre-colonial Americas was a significant phenomenon that is a necessary pre-context before European colonization. Groups such as the Maya, Aztecs, the Incas, and many others dispersed throughout the Americas had distinct cultures of settlement styles, living habits, and economic structures. This phenomenon aligns with the theme of American & Regional Culture.

Mayflower Compact & Puritan Migration

Radical dissenters, known as Separatists, left England as an independent church aboard the Mayflower, on which they signed the Mayflower Compact. This was significant in being one of the first compacts signed at the start of US history. Additionally, moderate dissenters, konwn as Puritans, also fled England from persecution believing that the Church of England should be purified. Their move to the colony of Massachusetts Bay proved to be an escape for religious freedom - led by John Winthrop and later called The Great Migration. This event reflects the American & Regional Culture.

Navigation Acts = New Conflict

Mercantilism was becoming the dominant economic theory & system for Europe in that a country's wealth was determined by its exports over its imports, which meant the promotion of the sale of goods (exports) and discouraged purchases - in order to enrich the parent country. This led to the passage of the Navigation Acts, which established the rule for the British colonies regarding colonial trade (only trade with English built ships, imports into colonies must pass through England ports, etc) - this protection policy severely limited the development of colonial economy, leading to increased tensions. These acts represent the APUSH theme of Politics & Power.

The Expansion of Democracy

The 1830s saw a significant shift in parties & their campaigning, especially regarding the use of nominating conventions, elected offices, popular campaigning, and the two-party system. Additionally, the use of the spoils system was common - the dispensing of government jobs in exchange for party loyalty. Democracy's expansion reflects the theme of Politics and Power.

Brown v. Board of Education 1954

This landmark Supreme Court case was argued against the segregation of African American children in public schools, and how it violated the 14th Amendment. This case was significant in that it overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling from 1896, therefore declaring that separated facilities were unequal and began the process of desegregation. This landmark case reflects Politics & Power.

The Missouri Compromise

As westward movement & settlement increased, there was conflict regarding the sectional balance between the North/South. This equality in Senate representation was of vital importance to both Northerners & Southerners regarding the balance of power, but with Missouri as a slave state's request for statehood alarmed Northerners as it would tip the balance in favor of Southerners. Clay's Missouri Compromise included the provisions of admitting Missouri as a slave state, admitting Maine as a free state, and prohibiting slavery in the rest of the Louisiana territory. This compromise was a significant one in showing the increased divide between groups regarding the theme of Politics and Power.

Cuban Missile Crisis

As part of the Cold War conflict, the Kennedy administration believed it was necessary to prevent the spread of the Cuban communist regime under Fidel Castro, to which Kennedy ordered the Bay of Pigs invasion coordinating with trained Cuban exiles to overthrow the communist regime. In response to the enormous failure of it, Cuba invited the Soviets to build underground missile sites, which were completely capable of launching missiles into US territory. The US discovered evidence of their construction and immediately set up a naval blockade until the missiles would be removed. After 13 days of extreme tension of the possibility of going to nuclear war, Soviet Khruschev agreed to remove the missiles if Cuba would not be attacked & if the US agreed to remove their own missile sites in Italy and Turkey. This crisis represents the theme of America in the World.

Boston Massacre & Boston Tea Party

In retaliation to the various revenue acts placed by British Parliament onto the colonies, events such as the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party occurred as demonstrations of rebellion. Colonists tried to retaliate by harassing guards from Britain but ultimately led to the deaths of several colonists, angering the idea of British guards & Parliament lacking representation in decision-making & policy-making. The Boston Tea Party was a reaction to the Tea Act of 1773, where colonists boarded the British ship transporting buckets and buckets of tea - and dumped all of them into the harbor. These two events are significant reflections of American and National Identity.

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) 1774

The events of the Boston Tea Party & colonist retaliation angered the King of Britain, leading to the enacting of the Intolerable Acts as a direct punishment to Boston/Massachusetts. The Intolerable Acts included the Port Act (closing off the port of Boston & prohibiting trade), expansion of the Quartering Act, the Massachusetts Government Act (reducing the power of the Massachusetts legislature). These acts are best represented by the Politics and Power theme.

Turner's Frontier Thesis

Frederick Jackson Turner conceptualized the idea that the western frontier was now closed, and the closure of the frontier was actually a cause for trouble and distress for Americans. He argued that the hundreds of years of frontier experience had been an evolutionary process for human civilization, and for Americans, it was a symbol of a fresh start and acted as a safety valve for releasing American discontent. The closure of such a major symbol troubled Turner, however, the largest movement was not from cities to the frontier but rather rural to cities. This demonstrates the theme of Migration & Settlement.

Election of 1860 = Secession

The Election of 1860 was a significant one in that each presidential candidate would decide the outcome of the slavery issue. Republicans were doing extremely well in Northern states, causing Southern worry for a Republican victory as the North favored anti-slavery. Additionally, the Democratic Party had broken up with differing interests - with Stephen Douglas as the main nominee while unhappy Southerners called for the unrestricted extension of slavery and collected under John C. Breckinridge. Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln, and his victory was enough to cause the Deep South to secede from the nation. This conflict reflects Politics & Power.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 & 1965 were significant acts that made segregation illegal in all public facilities & gave the federal government significantly more power to enforce desegregation policies. It also sought to end discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin. These monumental acts reflect the Politics & Power theme.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

In his book that rapidly spread throughout the colonies, Paine attacked the king & monarchy, arguing that the colonies should become independent states and break political ties with the British monarchy for their lack of representation - spreading demands for independence across the colonies. Paine's book and its significance reflects the theme of American and National Identity.

The Dawes Severalty Act

In response to Native American presence in the West (on lands that Americans wanted to settle), the US government passed several policies that restricted Native American movement and collectivized them onto certain areas of land only called reservations. Such policies also included the Dawes Severalty Act designed to break up tribal organizations and "civilize" (assimilate) the Native Americans. This act represents the theme of Politics & Power.

Open-Door Policy in China

The Chinese Empire was weakened during this time, meaning that it was under control of various other European powers. Secretary of State John Hay, in fear of the US losing trade with China, sent an Open Door note to the European nations proposing the concept of open door trading privileges in China. This reflects the theme America in the World.

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The Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation served as a form of government during the revolutionary war, but proved to be a weak and ineffective form of authority. Although they did enjoy some accomplishments under this government, it often suffered due to the intentionally powerless form of central government it was given as a safeguard against tyranny. This form of government under the new republic represents Politics and Power.

The Compromise of 1850

Manifest Destiny & the acquisition of new territory significantly intensified the debate over slavery and the different groups wanting policies that favored their interests. Southerners with an agricultural economy were eager to find new lands for cultivation while Northerners wanted to prevent the spread of slavery and keep new territories for White opportunity only. This was represented through the Free Soil Movement (seeking to keep the West a land of opportunity for Whites only). Extreme tension & threats of secession led to the Compromise of 1850 which would admit California as a free states, divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into two new territories and let popular sovereignty decide the slavery issue, and ban the slave trade in the District of Columbia. This compromise reflected Politics & Power.

Romanticism & Transcendentalism

America was experiencing fervent nationalism and drive for expanding westward, to which the romanticism movement developed. This was a movement shifted from the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason & order towards Romanticist ideals of heroism, nature, and intuition. From this movement emerged the Transcendentalists, a group of New England thinkers questioning the doctrine of establishments/institutions such as churches, and instead arguing for more intuitive and thought-provoking ways of discovering the inner self & God in nature. Prominent thinkers included Ralph Waldo Emerson & Henry David Thoreau. This philosophical movement reflected the theme of American & National Identity.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Senator Stephen A. Douglas' proposal to divide the Nebraska territory into 2 parts as Kansas & Nebraska and let them decide the slavery issue with popular sovereignty sparked significant protest and anger, as this bill if enacted would effectively overturn the Missouri Compromise line prohibiting slavery above the line (in which the new territories lay in). This debate led to the devastating explosion of conflict of "Bleeding Kansas," in which fighting broke out between pro/anti slavery groups attempting to constitute the majority in the territories since the issue would be decided over popular sovereignty. This event represents the theme of Politics & Power as well as American & Regional Culture.

Franklin D. Roosevelt & the New Deal

The election of President Franklin D. Roosevelt resulted in his new program called the New Deal, following through with his campaign promise of heavy government intervention (expanding the size of federal power). His goal was to address the 3 R's (relief for unemployment, recovery for business, and reform for economic institutions). New programs included the Public Works Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Tennessee Valley Authority, the Social Security Act, and many more that significantly helped the nation recover from the Depression. This New Deal program heavily reflected the theme of Politics & Power.

Mexican-American War

The Mexican-American War's beginning was triggered by the annexation of Texas, an act that significantly angered the Mexicans. Tensions continued with the boundary dispute - Mexico believing it to be at the Nueces River while the US claimed it was at the Rio Grande. Such conflict and disputes continued further, eventually leading to shots being fired over the boundary - giving Polk the justification of declaring war. After 2 years of military and diplomatic conflict, the war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo at Mexico's loss. The US won territorial possessions and boundary rights, known as the Mexican Cession. This event reflects the America in the World theme.

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

Plessy v. Ferguson was a major Supreme Court case as part of the increased segregationist policies rising in the South. This Louisiana law justified the idea of "separate but equal" public institutions/accommodations as constitutional (directing this to the railroad conflict in Louisiana for the separation of White/Black railroad passengers). This case reflects the theme of Social Structures.

The Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution saw a major shift in the nature of industrial production - from previous subsistence culture to large-scale industry, electric power, and machinery. Additionally, this period of industrialization saw the rise of corruption and wealth disparity collected in the hands of the top 1% of society, including figures such as Andrew Carnegie (steel industry) and John D. Rockefeller (oil industry). Corporate power saw extreme controversy through tactics such as trusts, horizontal & vertical integration, and laissez-faire capitalism. The Second Industrial Revolution represented the theme of Work, Exchange, and Technology.

Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement

Apart from the African American Civil Rights Movement, the broader Civil Rights Movement expanded to various other marginalized groups. These groups included the Women's Rights Movement (goal to secure equal treatment of women), Latino Americans (to end exploitation & gain the right to unionize), American Indians (self-determination & revival of tribal traditions), Asian Americans (ending ethnic discrimination), and Gay Rights Movement (goal for homosexuals to be more open about their identities & end discrimination towards their group). These various civil rights movements represent American & National Identity.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

This was another significant and powerful act that ended literacy tests and provided for federal voting registrars in areas of significantly lower African American voting rates. It also prohibited states & legislations from imposing qualifications or restrictions that deny the right to vote based on race. This act reflected the theme of Politics & Power.

Interstate Commerce Act

The Interstate Commerce Act required railroad rates to be "just & reasonable" to protect against monopolies & trusts, and also created the federal regulatory agency of Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce the act through investigation of pools, rebates, and any other discriminatory/unfair practices. This act represents the theme of Politics & Power.

The French & Indian War

The French & Indian War fought between the British & the French was the catalyst for the start of American history, resulting in new recognition of the colonies and their value as the source for raw materials. This served as the beginning of colonial & British tension. After the war, Britain needed means of funding & revenue to which they inflicted onto the colonies - ending the years of salutary neglect & self-governance that the colonies had grown into. This war reflects the theme of American & National Identity.

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Proclamation of 1763

Britain acted, as part of their end to salutary neglect, to stabilize the western frontier from the influx of colonial westward expansion there - to the extreme anger of Native Americans there as colonists were encroaching on their lands & territories. This proclamation prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. In an angry response, the westward expansion-minded colonists ignored this proclamation and continued settling west anyway. This is a reflection of the theme Politics and Power.

Muckrakers

Muckrakers were investigative journalists exposing the major justice issues in society, and began to reveal information around the 1900s as corruption increased. Muckrakers included Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, and Upton Sinclair exposing various industries. This reflects the Social Structures theme.

The Red Scare

Especially after the success of the Russian Revolution, American fear of communism & anti-communist sentiment grew significantly, creating an atmosphere of further xenophobia & subsequently further immigration restrictions. The Emergency Quota Act & National Origins Act both set immigration quotas for accepting new immigrants. This phenomenon reflected the American & Regional Culture theme.

The Market Revolution

The Jeffersonian (Democrat-Republican) dream of a nation of farmers was overwhelmed by increased demand for work in commerce and economy, assisting the rapid rise of industry & transportation. This was exemplified most especially through developments of transportation such as the National Road, the Erie Canal, the steamship as well as the advancement of industrial technology like the cotton gin, the interchangeable parts system, the factory system, and textile mills. Additionally, the shift from subsistence to commercial agriculture created a drastic change in the agricultural South as well with cash crops & the profitability of them. The Market Revolution reflected the theme of American and Regional Culture.

The Second Great Awakening

Through the Second Great Awakening, religious revivals emerged emphasizing the reassertion of traditional Puritan teachings, the importance of democracy/individual, and emotional expression of belief. There was a significant emphasis on displaying dramatic and emotional belief, especially seen through outdoor revival camp meetings. This phenomenon represents the theme of American & Regional Culture.

Pullman Strike

The Pullman Strike was one of many labor strikes & conflict during the Gilded Age, and it represented one of the most significant. Among large corporations, there was a trend of cutting wages of their laborers - and this was the same case for the Pullman's Palace Car Company. The laborers asked the American Railroad Union for support to which they directed their own workers to not handle any of the Pullman cars. In response, railroad owners supported Pullman by linking Pullman cars with federal mail cars to which the federal court forbade the interference of national mail and therefore approved the use of court injunctions against strikes, which proved to be a powerful weapon to break unions. Strikes of this era represent the theme of Work, Exchange & Technology.