GRAMMAR WORKBOOK

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO

ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA #5

JOSE VASCONCELOS

GRAMMAR WORKBOOK

NAME: Valverde Escobar Saul CLASS: 612-B

Índex

Unit 3

Index of unit 3

Unit 4

Index of unit 4

Unit 6

Index of unit 6

References

UNIT 3

SUBTOPICS:

- PRESENT PERFECT - ADVERBS YET, ALREADY, JUST - PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE - ADVERBS: FOR, SINCE

Index of unit 3

- PRESENT PERFECT

- ADVERBS YET, ALREADY, JUST

- PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

- ADVERBS: FOR, SINCE

PRESENT PERFECT

The Present Perfect is used to talk about actions that happened at an unspecified time before now or that are relevant in the present. It is also used for actions that have happened multiple times in the past and may happen again in the future. This tense connects the past with the present, as it indicates that an action is still relevant or has consequences in the present. Uses of the Present Perfect: To talk about experiences without specifying when they occurred. To refer to changes over time. To describe actions that started in the past and continue in the present. To indicate repeated actions within an unfinished time period.

Types of Present Perfect: Affirmative: Used to indicate that an action has happened. Structure: Subject + have/has + past participle + complement. Negative: Expresses that something has not happened. Structure: Subject + have/has + not + past participle + complement. Interrogative: Used to ask if something has happened. Structure: Have/has + subject + past participle + complement?

Examples: Affirmative: I have visited Paris twice. Negative: She hasn’t seen that movie. Interrogative: Have they ever traveled to Spain?

Exercises

- Present perfect exercises

- Present Perfect - Mixed Exercise 2

ADVERBS YET, ALREADY, JUST

These adverbs are used with the Present Perfect to provide additional information about when the action occurred. Yet: Used in negative and interrogative sentences. Placed at the end of the sentence. Already: Used in affirmative and interrogative sentences to indicate that something happened earlier than expected. Placed between the auxiliary and the past participle. Just: Indicates that an action happened very recently. Placed between the auxiliary and the past participle.

Examples: Affirmative: I have just finished my work. Negative: He hasn’t called me yet. Interrogative: Have you already done your homework?

Exercises:

- Grammar Exercise: Just, Yet, Already

- Complete the sentences with JUST , ALREADY or YET .

- Already/Just/Still/Yet

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

This tense emphasizes the duration of an action that began in the past and is still ongoing in the present. It can also indicate a recent action with an impact on the present. It is particularly used for actions that require emphasis on continuity or duration. Uses of the Present Perfect Progressive: To describe actions that have continued for a period of time without interruption. To indicate recent actions that explain a current situation. To describe temporary situations.

Types of Present Perfect Progressive: Affirmative: Structure: Subject + have/has + been + verb in -ing + complement. Negative: Structure: Subject + have/has + not + been + verb in -ing + complement. Interrogative: Structure: Have/has + subject + been + verb in -ing + complement?

Examples: Affirmative: She has been reading for two hours. Negative: They haven’t been working hard. Interrogative: Have you been waiting long?

Exercises:

- Present Perfect Progressive - Exercise

- Present Perfect Progressive - Exercise 2

ADVERBS: FOR, SINCE

These adverbs help specify the duration of an action and are essential for expressing the time elapsed since an action began. For: Expresses a period of time. Used with the Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive. Since: Indicates the exact point at which the action began. Used with the Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive. Differences between For and Since: "For" is used to indicate a length of time (days, years, hours). "Since" is used to indicate a specific point in time (a date, a year, a past event).

Examples: Affirmative: I have lived here for five years. Negative: They haven’t been studying since last week. Interrogative: Has she been working here since 2010?

Exercises:

- Present Perfect Continuous For Since

UNIT 4

SUBTOPICS:

- INFERENCE: CERTAINTY - MUST/ CAN'T - INFERENCE: PROBABILITY - MIGHT/ COULD

Index of unit 4

- INFERENCE: CERTAINTY

- MUST/ CAN'T

- INFERENCE: PROBABILITY

- MIGHT/ COULD

INFERENCE: CERTAINTY

Usage: Inference of certainty is used when the speaker is completely sure that something is true, based on clear evidence or logical reasoning. It is a way of making statements with a high degree of certainty. Examples: He must be the manager; he is wearing a suit and directing the team. She can't be the teacher; I saw her in the cafeteria just now, and the class started 10 minutes ago. They must have gone to the cinema; they left the house an hour ago, and they haven't come back yet.

Exerceises:

-The future: degrees of certainty

NOTE

MUST/ CAN'T

Must (For Certainty) Usage: Must is used when the speaker is very sure that something is true, based on logical evidence or clear signs. It is used to make strong deductions. Structure: Subject + must + base verb + complement. Examples: She must be at home because her car is parked outside. This must be the correct answer, considering all the facts. They must have left by now; it's getting late. Can't (For Certainty in Negation) Usage: Can't is used when the speaker is very sure that something is not true, based on clear evidence or reasoning. Structure: Subject + can't + base verb + complement. Examples: He can't be the one who took the book; I just saw him leave. She can't be telling the truth; I heard her speak otherwise. They can't have arrived already; it's too early.

Exercises:

- M004 - MUST or CAN'T

- must vs. can’t — Exercise 1

INFERENCE: PROBABILITY

Usage: Inference of probability is used to make assumptions or predictions about possible situations. These assumptions can be about the present, future, or even the past. Might, may, and could are used depending on the level of probability the speaker perceives. Examples: She might be at the office; I saw her leave the house this morning. It could rain tomorrow, but I am not sure. They may have already finished the project; they started working on it last week.

Exercises:

No exercises were found on this topic.

MIGHT/ COULD

Might (For Lower Probability) Usage: Might is used to express a lower probability or possibility of something happening, but it is not certain. Structure: Subject + might + base verb + complement. Examples: She might be running late because of the traffic. They might come to the party if they finish work early. He might have forgotten about the meeting. Could (For Possibility) Usage: Could is used to express possibility in the present or future, or to talk about something that could have happened in the past. Structure: Subject + could + base verb + complement. Examples: It could rain later, so take an umbrella. They could be at the park right now. She could have taken the wrong bus earlier.

Exercises:

- Modal verbs of deduction – must, may, might, could, can’t

UNIT 6

SUBTOPICS:

- PASSIVE VOICE IN PRESENT TENSE - PASSIVE VOICE IN PAST TENSE

Index of unit 6

- PASSIVE VOICE IN PRESENT TENSE

- PASSIVE VOICE IN PAST TENSE

PASSIVE VOICE IN PRESENT TENSE

The passive voice is used when the focus of the sentence is on the action rather than the subject performing it. In the present tense, the passive voice is formed using the verb "to be" in the present (am, is, are) followed by the past participle of the main verb. Structure: Affirmative: Subject + am/are/is + past participle + complement. Negative: Subject + am/are/is + not + past participle + complement. Interrogative: Am/Are/Is + subject + past participle + complement? Uses of Passive Voice in Present Tense: To emphasize the action rather than the doer. When the doer is unknown or unimportant. To make the subject of the sentence the focus of the statement.

Examples: The book is read by many people. The cake is not eaten yet. Is the letter sent by him?

Exercises:

- Passive 1 (present simple)

PASSIVE VOICE IN PAST TENSE

In the past tense, the passive voice is formed with the verb "to be" in the past (was/were) and the past participle of the main verb. Structure: Affirmative: Subject + was/were + past participle + complement. Negative: Subject + was/were + not + past participle + complement. Interrogative: Was/Were + subject + past participle + complement? Uses of Passive Voice in Past Tense: To indicate that the action happened in the past but the focus is still on the result rather than the doer. When the doer of the action is unknown, irrelevant, or unimportant. To describe a situation where the receiver of the action is more important than the performer.

Examples: The project was completed last week. The house was not sold yesterday. Was the issue resolved by the team?

Exercises:

- Passive 2 (past simple)

REFERENCES:

UNIT 3

British Council. Presente perfecto . Recuperado de https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/present-perfect Gramática inglesa perfecta (sf). El presente perfecto . Recuperado de https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect.html EF Education First. (sf). Presente perfecto . Recuperado de https://www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-grammar/present-perfect/ Ginger Software. (sf). Reglas gramaticales del inglés: El presente perfecto progresivo . Recuperado de https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/the-present-perfect-progressive-tense Grammar Monster. (sf). Presente perfecto progresivo: Explicación y ejemplos . Recuperado de https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/present_perfect_progressive_tense.htm

UNIT 4

LearnEnglish. (n.d.). Modals of deduction: Must / can’t / could. British Council. Retrieved from https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar LearnEnglish. (n.d.). Modals of deduction: Must / can’t / could. British Council. Retrieved from https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar Berry, C. (2014, October 18). An introduction to probability: Inference and learning from data. Retrieved from https://cplberry.com/2014/10/18/imply/ LearnEnglish. (n.d.). Modals of deduction: Might / could. British Council. Retrieved from https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar

UNIT 6

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Passive voice. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org EnglishClub. (n.d.). Passive voice. Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-passive.htm Grammarly. (n.d.). Passive voice: Definition and examples. Retrieved from https://www.grammarly.com/blog/passive-voice/ British Council. (n.d.). Passive voice. LearnEnglish. Retrieved from https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar

EXERCISES UNIT 3

Present Perfect Exercise 5. (s. f.). https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-exercise-5.html

Present Perfect Exercise 4. (s. f.). https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-exercise-4.html

Grammar exercise | Just, yet, already. (s. f.). ESL Lounge Student. https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/2g7-just-yet-already.php

Created with Hot Potatoes by Half-Baked Software, registered to Klaus Rosmanitz. (s. f.). T102 - JUST, ALREADY and YET. https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/tenses/t102-just-already-yet.htm

Curso de inglés. (s. f.). Already/Just/Still/Yet : Ejercicio de inglés. Curso de Inglés. https://www.curso-ingles.com/practicar/ejercicios/already-just-still-yet

Present Perfect Progressive - English Exercise | English4U. (s. f.). https://www.english-4u.de/en/tenses-exercises/present-perfect-progressive.htm

Present Perfect Progressive exercise | English4U. (s. f.). https://www.english-4u.de/en/tenses-exercises/present-perfect-progressive2.htm

Present perfect continuous for since. (s. f.). https://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en/present-perfect-continuous-for-since.html

EXERCISES UNIT 4:

The future: degrees of certainty. (2024, 14 octubre). LearnEnglish. https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/future-degrees-certainty

Created with Hot Potatoes by Half-Baked Software, registered to Klaus Rosmanitz. (s. f.-a). M004 - MUST or CAN’T. https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/modal-verbs/m004-must-cant.htm

must vs. can’t — Exercise 1 | English Grammar Exercises. (s. f.). https://www.engblocks.com/grammar/exercises/modal-verbs/must-vs-cant-exercise-1/

Test-English. (2023, 2 febrero). Modal verbs of deduction – must, may, might, could, can’t - Test-English. https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1/modal-verbs-of-deduction/

EXERCISES UNIT 6:

Passive Verbs Exercise 1. (s. f.). https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-1.html

Passive Verbs Exercise 2. (s. f.). https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-2.html