Grammar WorkBook

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO

ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA #5

"JOSE VASCONCELOS"

Grammar WorkBook

ENGLISH VI

AYALA PERALTA ANGEL IGNACIO

Class: 612

2024-2025

INDEX:

UNIT 1

UNIT 2

UNIT 4

REFERENCES

UNIT 1

Language serves nor only to express thoughts but to make thoughts possible

Contents:

• S+V, S+V+DO, S+V+I.O.+D.O.
• Nouns, verbs, pronoun, conjunctions,adverbs,prepositions,adjectives,interjactions
• Determiners,demonstratives
• But,and,so or

Index Unit 1:

S+V

S+V+D.O

S+V+I.O+D.O

Nouns

Verbs

Pronouns

Conjunctions

But,And,So or

Adverbs

Prepositions

Adjectives

Interjactions

Determiners

Demonstratives

s+v

(subject+verb)

Definition: This is the simplest sentence structure in English. It consists of: Subject (S): The person, animal, thing, or idea that performs the action or is being described. Subjects can be nouns or pronouns. Verb (V): The action the subject performs (action verbs) or a state of being (linking verbs like is, are, was, were). In this structure, the subject comes first, followed by the verb, forming a complete thought. ✅ How It Changes: Positive: The subject performs the action or is described. Negative: To form a negative sentence, we use do/does + not for the present simple and did + not for the past simple. Question: To form a question, we invert the subject and the auxiliary verb do/does/did or use a helping verb if necessary. ✅ Examples: Positive: She dances. They sleep. He thinks.

Negative: She does not dance. They do not sleep. He does not think.

Question: Does she dance? Do they sleep? Does he think?

EXERCISES:

S+V exercise

S+V+DO

Definition: This structure adds a direct object (DO) after the verb. Direct Object: A noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. It answers the question "what?" or "whom?" after the verb. ✅ How It Changes: Positive: The subject performs the action, and the direct object receives it. Negative: We add do/does not before the verb and leave the direct object unchanged. Question: In a question, the auxiliary verb do/does comes before the subject, followed by the base verb and then the direct object. ✅ Examples: Positive: She reads a book. They watch TV. He plays the guitar.

Negative: She does not read a book. They do not watch TV. He does not play the guitar.

Question: Does she read a book? Do they watch TV? Does he play the guitar?

EXERCISES:

S+V+DO

S+V+I.O+DO

Definition: This sentence structure includes an indirect object (I.O.) along with a direct object. Indirect Object: The person or thing that receives the benefit of the action. It usually answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom?" Direct Object: The noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. ✅ How It Changes: Positive: The subject performs the action, the indirect object receives it, and the direct object is the thing given or affected. Negative: We add do/does not before the verb while keeping both objects in the same order. Question: In a question, the auxiliary verb comes before the subject, followed by the base verb, the indirect object, and the direct object. ✅ Examples: Positive: She gave him a gift. They sent us a letter. He told her the truth.

Negative: She did not give him a gift. They did not send us a letter. He did not tell her the truth.

Question: Did she give him a gift? Did they send us a letter? Did he tell her the truth?

EXERCISES:

S+V+I.O+DO

S+V+I.O+DO 2

Nouns

Definition: Nouns are words that name people, animals, places, things, or ideas. They can perform different grammatical roles in a sentence, including: Subjects: The cat sleeps. Objects: I saw a movie. Complements: She is a teacher. ✅ Types of Nouns: Proper Nouns: Names of specific people or places (e.g., John, London). Common Nouns: General names of things or people (e.g., dog, city). Abstract Nouns: Ideas or concepts (e.g., love, freedom). Countable/Uncountable Nouns: Items that can or cannot be counted (e.g., books, water). ✅ How It Changes: Positive: Nouns remain the same in positive sentences. Negative: Nouns do not change in negative sentences; only the verb or auxiliary changes. Question: The position of the noun may change in questions, but its form remains the same.

Examples: Positive: The boy plays outside. My mother cooks dinner. The book is interesting.

Negative: The boy does not play outside. My mother does not cook dinner. The book is not interesting.

Question: Does the boy play outside? Does my mother cook dinner? Is the book interesting?

EXERCISES:

Nouns

Verbs

Definition: Verbs express actions, conditions, or states of being. They are essential for constructing a sentence and indicate: Action Verbs: Show physical or mental action (run, think, write). Linking Verbs: Connect the subject to a complement (be, seem, become). Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs): Assist the main verb to show tense or form questions and negatives (do, have, will). ✅ How It Changes: Positive: The verb follows the subject and expresses the action or state. Negative: Add do/does + not for present simple and did not for past simple before the base form of the verb. Question: Invert the subject and auxiliary verb or use a helping verb to form questions.

Examples: Positive: She writes poems. They run every morning. He enjoys his work.

Negative: She does not write poems. They do not run every morning. He does not enjoy his work.

Question: Does she write poems? Do they run every morning? Does he enjoy his work?

EXERCISES:

VERBS-EXCERCISES

Pronouns

Definition: Pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition. They can function as: Subject Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they Object Pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs Reflexive Pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves ✅ How It Changes: Positive: Pronouns stay the same in affirmative sentences. Negative: Pronouns remain unchanged, but the verb or auxiliary changes to express negation. Question: Pronouns stay the same in questions; only word order or auxiliary verbs change.

Examples: Positive: He loves her. We see them often. I trust him.

Negative: He does not love her. We do not see them often. I do not trust him.

Question: Does he love her? Do we see them often? Do I trust him?

EXERCISES:

Pronouns

conjuctions

Definition: Conjunctions link words, phrases, and clauses. They allow us to build complex sentences and indicate relationships between ideas. ✅ Types of Conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions: Link similar ideas (and, but, or, so). Subordinating Conjunctions: Link dependent clauses to main clauses (because, although, if). Correlative Conjunctions: Work in pairs to link ideas (either...or, neither...nor). ✅ How It Changes: Positive: Conjunctions remain the same in positive sentences. Negative: Conjunctions are not affected by negation; only the clauses change. Question: The conjunction itself remains unchanged in questions.

Examples: Positive: I like coffee and tea. She is tired, but she keeps working. You can stay or leave.

Negative: I do not like coffee or tea. She is not tired, but she still rests. You cannot stay or leave.

Question: Do you like coffee or tea? Is she tired, but still working? Can you stay or leave?

EXERCISES:

conjuctions

But,and,so,or

Definition: These are coordinating conjunctions that connect similar ideas or clauses. ✅ Functions: But: Shows contrast or contradiction. And: Adds information or combines ideas. So: Indicates cause and effect or consequence. Or: Presents an alternative or choice. ✅ How It Changes: Positive: These conjunctions remain the same and connect positive ideas. Negative: The conjunctions stay the same in negative sentences, though the clauses they connect may change. Question: Conjunctions themselves do not change in questions but may connect clauses in interrogative sentences.

Examples: Positive: She wanted to go out, but it was raining. I bought apples and oranges. He was tired, so he went to bed.

Negative: She wanted to go out, but it was not possible. I did not buy apples or oranges. He was not tired, so he stayed awake.

Question: Did she want to go out, but was it raining? Did you buy apples or oranges? Was he tired, so did he go to bed?

EXERCISES:

But,and,so,or

Adverbs

Definition: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They describe how, when, where, or to what extent an action happens. ✅ Types of Adverbs: Adverbs of Manner: Describe how an action happens (quickly, carefully, well). Adverbs of Time: Indicate when an action happens (yesterday, now, soon). Adverbs of Place: Show where an action happens (here, there, everywhere). Adverbs of Frequency: Show how often something happens (always, often, never). Adverbs of Degree: Indicate intensity or degree (very, too, quite). ✅ How It Changes: Positive: The adverb remains the same in positive sentences. Negative: The adverb stays the same; only the verb or auxiliary changes for negation. Question: The adverb can be placed before or after the verb in questions, depending on what is being emphasized.

Examples: Positive: She speaks clearly. They arrived late. He works diligently.

Negative: She does not speak clearly. They did not arrive late. He does not work diligently.

Question: Does she speak clearly? Did they arrive late? Does he work diligently?

EXERCISES:

Adverbs

Prepositions

Definition: Prepositions are words that show relationships between a noun (or pronoun) and another word in the sentence. They indicate location, direction, time, cause, manner, or possession. ✅ Types of Prepositions: Prepositions of Place: in, on, at, near Prepositions of Time: before, after, during, since Prepositions of Movement: to, into, out of, through ✅ How It Changes: Positive: The preposition remains the same in positive sentences. Negative: The preposition stays unchanged, while the verb or auxiliary takes a negative form. Question: The preposition remains the same in questions, but its position may change in some cases.

Examples: Positive: The book is on the table. She lives near the park. He arrived before noon.

Negative: The book is not on the table. She does not live near the park. He did not arrive before noon.

Question: Is the book on the table? Does she live near the park? Did he arrive before noon?

EXERCISES:

Prepositions

Adjectives

Definition: Adjectives describe or modify nouns and pronouns by giving information about their qualities, quantity, or state. ✅ Types of Adjectives: Descriptive Adjectives: Describe a quality or characteristic (beautiful, strong, fast). Quantitative Adjectives: Indicate quantity or amount (some, many, few). Demonstrative Adjectives: Point out specific nouns (this, that, these, those). Possessive Adjectives: Show possession or ownership (my, your, his, her). ✅ How It Changes: Positive: Adjectives remain the same in affirmative sentences. Negative: The adjective does not change in negative sentences; only the verb or auxiliary is affected. Question: Adjectives do not change in questions but may appear in a different order.

Negative: She does not have a beautiful dress. They do not live in a large house. He is not a kind person.

Examples: Positive: She has a beautiful dress. They live in a large house. He is a kind person.

Question: Does she have a beautiful dress? Do they live in a large house? Is he a kind person?

EXERCISES:

Adjectives

Interjaction

Definition: Interjections are words or phrases used to express strong emotions, feelings, or sudden reactions. They often stand alone and are followed by exclamation marks. ✅ Types of Interjections: Expressing Joy: Wow!, Hooray!, Yay! Expressing Surprise: Oh!, What!, Really?! Expressing Sadness: Alas!, Oh no!, Oops! Expressing Pain or Discomfort: Ouch!, Ugh!, Ah! ✅ How It Changes: Positive: Interjections stay the same and often express positive emotions. Negative: Interjections may change slightly to express negative emotions. Question: Interjections are usually not used in questions but may be followed by a question to express surprise or disbelief.

Examples: Positive: Wow! That’s amazing. Hooray! We won the game. Yay! It’s my birthday.

Negative: Oh no! We lost. Ugh! This is so annoying. Alas! The time is up.

Question: Oh? You didn’t know? Really? Is that true? What? He’s leaving?

EXERCISES:

Interjaction

Determiners

Definition: Determiners introduce nouns and give information about quantity, possession, or specificity. ✅ Types of Determiners: Articles: a, an, the Demonstratives: this, that, these, those Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their Quantifiers: some, many, few, several ✅ How It Changes: Positive: Determiners remain the same in positive sentences. Negative: Determiners do not change in negative sentences, only the verb or auxiliary changes. Question: Determiners stay the same in questions, but their position may change.

Examples: Positive: This book is interesting. I have a car. Their house is big.

Negative: This book is not interesting. I do not have a car. Their house is not big.

Question: Is this book interesting? Do I have a car? Is their house big?

EXERCISES:

Determiners

Demonstratives

Definition: Demonstratives point to specific nouns and indicate whether they are close or far from the speaker. ✅ Types of Demonstratives: Singular, Near: this Singular, Far: that Plural, Near: these Plural, Far: those ✅ How It Changes: Positive: Demonstratives remain the same in positive sentences. Negative: Demonstratives do not change in negative sentences; only the verb or auxiliary changes. Question: Demonstratives stay the same in questions but may be placed differently depending on emphasis.

Examples: Positive: This is my book. Those are her shoes. That is his car.

Negative: This is not my book. Those are not her shoes. That is not his car.

Question: Is this my book? Are those her shoes? Is that his car?

EXERCISES:

Demonstratives

UNIT 2

Live today for tomorrow we die

Contents:

simple sentences

• Simple present
• present continuos

Index Unit 2:

Simple sentences

Simple present

Present continuous

Simple sentences

Definition: A simple sentence consists of one independent clause that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. ✅ Structure: Subject + Verb (+ Object/Complement) ✅ Types of Simple Sentences: Declarative: Makes a statement. (She reads a book.) Interrogative: Asks a question. (Does she read a book?) Imperative: Gives a command or makes a request. (Read the book.) Exclamatory: Expresses strong emotion. (What a great book!) ✅ How It Changes: Positive: The sentence has a subject and verb with a complete idea. Negative: Add a negative auxiliary or change the verb to express negation. Question: Invert the subject and auxiliary, or use a question word at the beginning.

Examples: Positive: She walks to school. They enjoy playing football. He writes every day.

Negative: She does not walk to school. They do not enjoy playing football. He does not write every day.

Question: Does she walk to school? Do they enjoy playing football? Does he write every day?

EXERCISES:

Simple sentences

Simple sentences 2

Simple present

Definition: The simple present tense is used to express habitual actions, general truths, routines, and facts. It describes actions that happen regularly or are always true. ✅ Structure: Positive: Subject + Base Verb (add -s/-es for third-person singular) Negative: Subject + Do/Does + Not + Base Verb Question: Do/Does + Subject + Base Verb ✅ Uses of Simple Present: Habitual Actions: Describes things that happen repeatedly. (I go to the gym every morning.) General Truths: States facts or universal truths. (The sun rises in the east.) Fixed Arrangements: Refers to events set by a timetable. (The train leaves at 6 PM.) Instructions/Directives: Gives directions or instructions. (Press the button to start.) ✅ How It Changes: Positive: Add -s or -es to the base verb for third-person singular. Negative: Use “do not” or “does not” + base verb. Question: Use “do” or “does” before the subject + base verb.

Examples: Positive: She studies English every day. They play soccer on weekends. He works in a hospital.

Negative: She does not study English every day. They do not play soccer on weekends. He does not work in a hospital.

Question: Does she study English every day? Do they play soccer on weekends? Does he work in a hospital?

EXERCISES:

Simple present

Present continuos

Definition: The present continuous tense (also called present progressive) describes actions that are happening at the moment of speaking or actions that are temporary or in progress. It can also describe future arrangements. ✅ Structure: Positive: Subject + Am/Is/Are + Verb-ing Negative: Subject + Am/Is/Are + Not + Verb-ing Question: Am/Is/Are + Subject + Verb-ing? ✅ Uses of Present Continuous: Actions Happening Now: Describes what is happening at this exact moment. (She is reading a book now.) Temporary Situations: Refers to short-term or temporary situations. (They are staying at a hotel.) Future Arrangements: Indicates planned events in the near future. (I am meeting him tomorrow.) Repeated Actions with Annoyance: Expresses irritation with repeated actions, often with always. (He is always talking during meetings.) ✅ How It Changes: Positive: Use “am,” “is,” or “are” with the verb + -ing. Negative: Add “not” after “am,” “is,” or “are.” Question: Invert the subject and verb to form questions.

Examples: Positive: She is reading a book now. They are playing outside. He is working on a project.

Negative: She is not reading a book now. They are not playing outside. He is not working on a project.

Question: Is she reading a book now? Are they playing outside? Is he working on a project?

EXERCISES:

Present continuos

UNIT 4

I could be wrong. Not being certain is what being a philosopher is all about.

Contents:

• Inference: certainty
• Must / can't
• Inference: probability
• Might / could

Index Unit 4:

Inference: certainty

Must / can´t

Inference: probability

Might / could

Inference: certainty

Definition: Inference of certainty occurs when the speaker makes a logical conclusion based on solid evidence or facts. It indicates that the speaker is sure about the conclusion being made. ✅ Common Modals for Certainty: Must (positive inference of certainty) Can't/Cannot (negative inference of certainty) ✅ Usage: Must: Used when something is highly likely or logically true based on known facts. (She must be at work; her car is not in the garage.) Can't/Cannot: Used when something is logically impossible or highly unlikely. (He can’t be the thief; he was out of town that day.) ✅ How It Changes: Positive (Must): Expresses strong belief in the truth of something. Negative (Can't): Denies the possibility of something. Question: Usually not used for certainty, but rhetorical questions may imply certainty.

Examples: Positive: She must be tired after working all day. They must have arrived by now. He must know the answer.

Negative: She can’t be home yet; the lights are off. They cannot be serious about leaving so early. He can’t have forgotten about the meeting.

Question: Can she really be that tired? (rhetorical) Could they have finished already? Can he not know the answer?

EXERCISES:

Inference: certainty

Must-can´t

Definition: Must and Can’t are modal verbs used to express strong inferences or logical conclusions based on evidence. ✅ Uses: Must: Indicates a strong belief that something is true. (She must be the manager because everyone listens to her.) Can't/Cannot: Indicates a strong belief that something is impossible or unlikely. (He can't be at home; I saw him leave.) ✅ How It Changes: Positive (Must): Certainty about something being true. Negative (Can’t): Certainty about something being impossible. Question: Rarely used to ask about certainty but can be used rhetorically.

Examples: Positive: He must be at the gym. They must have left early. She must know the truth.

Negative: He can’t be at the gym now. They can’t have left so soon. She cannot be unaware of this situation.

Question: Can he really be at the gym? Could they have left without telling us? Can she not be aware of it?

EXERCISES:

Must-can´t

Must-can´t 2

Inference:probabilty

Definition: Inference of probability occurs when the speaker makes a logical guess based on available information, but the conclusion is less certain than inference of certainty. ✅ Common Modals for Probability: Might, May, Could ✅ Usage: Might/May: Expresses a possibility or probability without certainty. (She might be at the mall.) Could: Suggests that something is possible but not certain. (He could be working late.) ✅ How It Changes: Positive: Suggests that something is possible. Negative: Implies that something is probably not true. Question: Asks about the possibility of something.

Examples: Positive: She might be at home now. They may arrive later. He could be telling the truth.

Negative: She might not be at home. They may not arrive on time. He could not be lying.

Question: Might she be at home? Could they arrive later? May he be telling the truth?

EXERCISES:

Inference:probabilty

Might-could

Definition: Might and Could are modal verbs used to indicate possibility or probability. They suggest that something may happen or may be true but with less certainty than “must.” ✅ Uses: Might: Indicates a lower probability or possibility. (She might come to the party.) Could: Suggests that something is possible but without certainty. (It could rain tomorrow.) ✅ How It Changes: Positive: Expresses possibility or probability. Negative: Suggests that something is not likely. Question: Asks about the possibility of something happening.

Examples: Positive: She might visit us tomorrow. They could win the game. He might know the answer.

Negative: She might not visit us tomorrow. They could not win the game. He might not know the answer.

Question: Might she visit us tomorrow? Could they win the game? Might he know the answer?

EXERCISES:

Might-could

REFERENCES:

• Agendaweb. (n.d.). Present simple exercises. https://agendaweb.org/verbs/present_simple-exercises.html
• Superprof. (n.d.). Exercises: Present simple and continuous. https://www.superprof.es/apuntes/idiomas/ingles/verb-tense/present-tense/exercises-present-simple-and-continuous-exercises-i.html
• Wordwall. (n.d.). Subject-verb agreement exercises. https://wordwall.net/es-mx/community/subject-verb-agreement-exercises
• Wordwall. (n.d.). Direct object and indirect object. https://wordwall.net/es-mx/community/direct-object-and-indirect-object
• Khan Academy. (n.d.). Identifying subject, direct object, and indirect object. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/grammar/syntax-sentences-and-clauses/subjects-and-predicates/e/identifying-subject--direct-object--and-indirect-object
• Softschools. (n.d.). Direct objects quiz. https://softschools.com/quizzes/grammar/direct_objects/quiz546.html

REFERENCES:

• Perfect English Grammar. (n.d.). Noun identification exercise 1. https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/noun-identification-exercise-1.html
• Test-English. (n.d.). A, some, any: Countable and uncountable nouns. https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a1/a-some-any-countable-uncountable/
• Agendaweb. (n.d.). Verbs exercises. https://agendaweb.org/verbs-exercises.html
• Agendaweb. (n.d.). Personal pronouns exercises. https://agendaweb.org/grammar/personal-pronouns-exercises.html
• Agendaweb. (n.d.). Conjunctions exercises. https://agendaweb.org/grammar/conjunctions-exercises.html
• Agendaweb. (n.d.). Adverbs exercises. https://agendaweb.org/grammar/adverbs-english.html
• Agendaweb. (n.d.). Prepositions exercises. https://agendaweb.org/grammar/prepositions-exercises.html

REFERENCES:

• Agendaweb. (n.d.). Adjectives exercises. https://agendaweb.org/grammar/adjectives-exercises.html
• Hitbullseye. (n.d.). Interjections exercises. https://www.hitbullseye.com/Interjections-Exercises.php
• Superprof. (n.d.). Exercises: Determiners (a, an, the, or some). https://www.superprof.es/apuntes/idiomas/ingles/articles/articles-countable-uncountable-nouns/exercises-determiners-a-an-the-or-some.html
• Agendaweb. (n.d.). Demonstratives exercises. https://agendaweb.org/grammar/demonstratives-exercises.html
• University of Victoria Continuing Studies. (n.d.). Simple sentences 1. https://continuingstudies.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/410-simple-sentences1
• Englisch-Hilfen.de. (n.d.). List of sentence exercises. https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/satz.htm
• Test-English. (n.d.). Speculation and deduction exercises. https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b2/speculation-deduction/3/

REFERENCES:

• Engblocks. (n.d.). Must vs. can’t exercise 1. https://www.engblocks.com/grammar/exercises/modal-verbs/must-vs-cant-exercise-1/
• Engblocks. (n.d.). Must vs. can’t exercise 2. https://www.engblocks.com/grammar/exercises/modal-verbs/must-vs-cant-exercise-2/
• Perfect English Grammar. (n.d.). Modal verbs of probability: Exercise 1. https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-probability-exercise-1.html
• Test-English. (n.d.). Modal verbs of deduction (B1, exercise 3). https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1/modal-verbs-of-deduction/3/