stellar catalog

stellar catalog

MADE BY: MARÍA JOSÉ REBOLLOSO MIRANDA ZARAZÚA DANIELA IZAGUIRRE SANTIAGO MONTALVO AISLINN TAPIA

Life cycle of stars

INDEX

Blackbody

Classification of stars

Tables

Differences based on star mass

Wien´s Law

Stars

Relationshipbetween color and temperature

References

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nebulous

The nebula is the first stage in the life cycle of a star. It forms from clouds of gas and stardust left by dead stars. They can be small stars that don’t have enough energy to grow, but they are capable of living for millions of years.

• Emission nebulae
• Absorption nebulae
• Planetary nebulae

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Protostar

PROTOSTAR

Protostars are the early stages of star formation. They are formed from large clouds of gas and dust called nebulae, where gravity pulls all the material together. A protostar is very hot and dense but hasn't started nuclear fusion yet. Over time, as the protostar contracts, its temperature and density increase until it reaches the point where nuclear fusion begins, becoming a true star.

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Protostar

RED supergiant

Protostars are the early stages of star formation. They are formed from large clouds of gas and dust called nebulae, where gravity pulls all the material together. A protostar is very hot and dense but hasn't started nuclear fusion yet. Over time, as the protostar contracts, its temperature and density increase until it reaches the point where nuclear fusion begins, becoming a true star.

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Main sequence STAR

This process occurs when two protons, merge to form one helium nucleus. Fusion releases energy that heats the star, creating pressure that pushes against the force of its gravity. Scientists call a star that is fusing hydrogen to helium in its core a main sequence star.

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RED GIANT

A red giant is a low or intermediate mass giant star. This phase appears after a star has run out of hydrogen fuel for nuclear fusion, and has begun the process of dying. Hydrogen fusion begins moving into the star’s outer layers, causing them to expand. The result is a red giant, which would appear more orange than red.

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Ending

White dwarf

Black hole

Neutron star

Red Gigant

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Differences BASED oN star mass

Low-Mass Stars – These small, long-living stars burn fuel slowly and can last billions of years. They don’t explode but turn into white dwarfs when they die.

Medium-Mass Stars – Larger than low-mass stars, they burn fuel faster and live a few billion years. They can explode in a supernova, leaving behind a dense neutron star.

High-Mass Stars – The biggest and shortest-lived stars, burning fuel rapidly. They explode in massive supernovas and can become black holes if large enough.

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table

Type of star

Color

K7 V Orange-red

K2.5V C Orange

K1.5v Orange

G8V Yellow

G5 V Yellow

G5 V Yellow

G5V Yellow

G0V Yellow-white

G0 V Green

DA White

interpretation

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interpretation

The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram represents a fascinating curve of stellar life cycles, It’s amazing how such a simple graph can compress the monumental scale of star evolution. You’ve got the main sequence, where stars like our Sun quietly fuse hydrogen into helium, it’s the celestial equivalent of the work. Then, there are the red giants and supergiants, stars in their more “dramatic” life phases, often swelling to sizes that defy imagination. And, of course, the white dwarfs—the cosmic remnants that remind us even stars have a quiet retirement.

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a surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it. The term arises because incident visible light will be absorbed rather than reflected, and therefore the surface will appear black. The concept of such a perfect absorber of energy is extremely useful in the study of radiation phenomena, as in Planck’s radiation law for the spectral energy distribution of the radiation reemitted after it is absorbed.

Blackbody

A surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it. The term arises because incident visible light will be absorbed rather than reflected, and therefore the surface will appear black. The concept of such a perfect absorber of energy is extremely useful in the study of radiation phenomena.

a surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it. The term arises because incident visible light will be absorbed rather than reflected, and therefore the surface will appear black. The concept of such a perfect absorber of energy is extremely useful in the study of radiation phenomena, as in Planck’s radiation law for the spectral energy distribution of the radiation reemitted after it is absorbed.

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wien´s law

Wien’s law, relationship between the temperature of a blackbody (an ideal substance that emits and absorbs all frequencies of light) and the wavelength at which it emits the most light. It is named after German physicist Wilhelm Wien, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1911 for discovering the law.

Formula

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a surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it. The term arises because incident visible light will be absorbed rather than reflected, and therefore the surface will appear black. The concept of such a perfect absorber of energy is extremely useful in the study of radiation phenomena, as in Planck’s radiation law for the spectral energy distribution of the radiation reemitted after it is absorbed.

Classification of stars

a surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it. The term arises because incident visible light will be absorbed rather than reflected, and therefore the surface will appear black. The concept of such a perfect absorber of energy is extremely useful in the study of radiation phenomena, as in Planck’s radiation law for the spectral energy distribution of the radiation reemitted after it is absorbed.

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relation ship between color and temperature

Example

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STARS

61 VIRGINIS

HD 79211

61 Cygni B

HD 209458

HD 40307

HD 141399

Proycon B

HD 189733

Kappa Ceti

HD 706402

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Example

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REFERENCES

Stellar Catalog. 13/03/2025. Estrella Procyon B. Obtained from: https://www.stellarcatalog.com/estrellas/procyon-b#:~:text=Enana%20blanca%20Procyon%20B%20se,tiene%2060%20%25%20de%20masa%20solar. Study.com. 13/03/2025. What is the temperature of Procyon?. Obtained from: https://homework.study.com/explanation/what-is-the-temperature-of-procyon.html#:~:text=Procyon%20A%20has%20an%20estimated,nearness%20to%20our%20solar%20system. Lco. 14/03/2025. Magnitude and color. Obtained from: https://lco.global/spacebook/distance/magnitude-and-color/ Study.com. 14/03/2025. What is the approximate luminosity of Procyon B?. Obtained from: https://homework.study.com/explanation/what-is-the-approximate-luminosity-of-procyon-b.html Space.com. 14/03/2025. Procyon: Bright Star With Hidden Companion. Obtained from: https://www.space.com/22929-procyon.html Britannica. 14/03/2025. Procyon. Obtained from: https://www.britannica.com/place/Procyon NASA. 14/03/2025. Star Types. Obtained from: https://science.nasa.gov/universe/stars/types Earth sky. 14/03/2025. Bright Procyon: The Little Dog Star in Canis Minor. Obtained from: https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/procyon-harbringer-of-the-dog-star Sky & Telescope. 14/03/2025. MEET PROCYON, ORION’S LITTLER DOG. Obtained from: https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/meet-procyon-orions-lesser-dog/ Stellar Catalog. 14/03/2025. Star Kappa 1 Ceti. Obtained from: https://www.stellarcatalog.com/stars/kappa-1-ceti Suny. 14/03/2025. Colors of Stars. Obtained from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-astronomy/chapter/colors-of-stars Universe Guide. 14/03/2025. Kappa1 Ceti Star Facts. Obtained from: https://www.universeguide.com/star/15457/kappa1ceti The sky live. 14/03/2025. κ1 Ceti (kappa1 Ceti). Obtained from: https://theskylive.com/sky/stars/kappa1-ceti-star SolStation.com. 14/03/2025. Kappa Ceti. Obtained from: https://chview.nova.org/solcom/stars/kap-ceti.htm Centauri Dreams. 14/03/2025. Protecting Life on the Early Earth. Obtained from: https://www.centauri-dreams.org/2016/03/17/protecting-life-on-the-early-earth/ Smithsonian. 14/03/2025. Young Sun-like Star Shows a Magnetic Field Was Critical for Life on the Early Earth. Obtained from: https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/young-sun-star-shows-magnetic-field-was-critical-life-early-earth NASA. 14/03/2025. NASA Model Describes Nearby Star which Resembles Ours in its Youth. Obtained from: https://www.nasa.gov/universe/stars/nasa-model-describes-nearby-star-which-resembles-ours-in-its-youth/ Stellar Catalog. 13/03/2025. 61 Virginis. Stellar Catalog. Recuperado de https://www.stellarcatalog.com/estrellas/61-virginis Stellar Catalog. (15/03/2025) 61 Cygni B Type of star, color and temperature. Obtained from: https://www.stellarcatalog.com/stars/61-cygni-b#:~:text=Orange%20star%2061%20Cygni%20B,exoplanets%20in%20this%20star%20system.  Stellar Catalog. (15/03/25) HD 40307. Obtained from: https://www.stellarcatalog.com/stars/hd-40307       Exoplanet kyoto. (15/03/25) Exoplanets from HD 40307, facts. Obtained from: https://www.exoplanetkyoto.org/exohtml/HD_40307.html    Britannica. (15/03/25) Hertzprung- Rusell diagram HD 40307. Obtained from:  https://www.britannica.com/science/Hertzsprung-Russell-diagram     Universe guide. (15/03/25) HD 40307 Star facts. Obtained from: https://www.britannica.com/science/Hertzsprung-Russell-diagram NASA.(15-3-25). HD 189733 b. Recover from HD 189733 b - NASA Science Stellar Catalog.(15-3-25).Estrella HD189733. Recover from ★ HD 189733 | Stellar Catalog Academia Lab. (15-3-25). HD 189733. Recover from HD 189733 _ AcademiaLab Ensedeciencia.(15-3-25). Rojo, naranja, azul, amarillo: ¿Por qué las estrellas son de diferente color. Recover from https://ensedeciencia.com/2022/07/31/rojo-naranja-azul-amarillo-por-que-las-estrellas-son-de-diferente-color/ Wikipedia. (15-3-25). HD 189733. Recover from HD 189733 - Wikipedia ExoPlanet.eu. (15-3-25). Planet HD 189733. Recover from Planet HD 189733 Ab Stellar Catalog.(15-3-25). HD706402. Recover from ★ HD 70642 | Stellar Catalog Wikiwand.(15-3-25). HD 706402. Recover fromHD 70642 - Wikiwand NASA.(15-3-25). HD706402. Recover from HD 70642 b - NASA Science Wikipedia.(15-3-25). HD 706402). Recover from HD 70642 - Wikipedia Wikipedia. (15-3-25). HD 706402. Recover from HD 70642 - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre Stellar Catalog. (15-3-25). Exoplanet HD 706402. Recover from⬤ Exoplanet HD 70642 b | Stellar Catalog

NASA. 21/03/2025. White Dwarf Stars. Obtained from: https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/dwarfs2.html#:~:text=A%20white%20dwarf%20is%20what,surpassed%20only%20by%20neutron%20stars Space.com. 21/03/2025. What are neutron stars?. Obtained from: https://www.space.com/22180-neutron-stars.html NASA. 21/03/2025. Black Holes. Obtained from: https://science.nas a.gov/universe/black-holes/ NASA. 22/03/2025. Red Giants. Obtained from: https://science.nasa.gov/universe/stars/types/ Leyes del Universo. 21/03/25. What is a protostar.https://leyesdeluniverso.es/que-es-un-protostar-formacion-y-principales-caracteristicas/#google_vignette NASA. 23/03/2025. Star types. Obtained from: https://science.nasa.gov/universe/stars/types/ European Space Agency The Life Cycle of Stars. ESA. Retrieved on 22/03/25 from https://www.esa.int/European Space Agency The Life Cycle of Stars. ESA. Retrieved on 22/03/25 from https://www.esa.int/ Griffith Observatory The Different Types of Stars and Their Life Cycles. Griffith Observatory. Retrieved on 22/03/25 from https://www.griffithobservatory.org/ NASA How Stars Are Born, Live, and Die. NASA. Retrieved on 22/03/25 from https://www.nasa.gov/

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HD 79211

Type of star: G8V-type star, meaning it is a yellow dwarf ​Surface temp. K: 5,500 K Color and nanometers: yellow-around 550 nm Size: 0.9 times the Sun's radius Mass: Around 0.95 solar masses. Hertzsprung-Russel diagram classification: Main sequence star. Constellation: Cancer. Distance from Earth: 55 light-years away. Planets and exoplanets: There are no one

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HD 189733

Type of star: K1.5v. ​Surface temp. K: 4875K Color and nanometers: Orange 1500 nm Size: 80% R sun Mass: 80.6 M sun Hertzsprung-Russel diagram classification: K1. 5V. Constellation: Vulpecula Distance from Earth: 62,9 years Planets and exoplanets: HD 189733 b

Black Hole

Black holes are regions in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They form from the collapse of massive stars or exist as supermassive black holes at galaxy centers. Surrounding the event horizon—the point of no return—are accretion disks of glowing material spiraling inward. Despite their invisibility, black holes significantly influence their surroundings, shaping galaxies and powering phenomena like quasars.

61 VIRGINIS

Type of star: a yellow star Surface temp. K: 5585K Color and nanometers: Yellow – 570-580 Size: 94% of the sun Mass: 96% of the sun mass Sun Hertzsprung-Russel diagram classification: G5V Constellation: virgo Distance from Earth: 28 light years Planets and exoplanets: they has been 3 exoplnates discovered in 2009, 61 virginis b, 61 virginis c and 61 virginis d

Stages of the stars

Life cycle of a star

1. Nebula

2. Protostar

3. Red supergiant

4. Main sequence star

5. Ending as a white darf, Neutron Star, black hole or red giant

Little passports.(21-3-25).Life cycleofastar.

Kappa Ceti

Type of star: Kappa 1 Ceti is a yellow star ​ Surface temp. K: 5730 K Color and nanometers: Yellow – 570-580 Size: 95 % R Sun ​Mass: 103.7 % M Sun Hertzsprung-Russel diagram classification: G5V star Constellation: Cetus Distance from Earth: 29.9 light-years away from earth Planets and exoplanets: No planets have been confirmed to orbit there

HD 40307

Type of star: K2.5V C star Surface temp. K: 4774K Color and nanometers: Orange, 607nm Size: Size of 1.01 million km Mass: 75% of the Sun's mass Hertzsprung-Russel diagram classification: K2.5V Constellation: Pictor Distance from Earth: 42 light years Planets and exoplanets: HD40307 b, HD40307 c, HD40307 d, HD40307 e, HD40307 f, HD40307 g.

Relationship between color and temperature

The temperature of a body is related to the color of the light it emits. When an object is heated, it begins to glow light, and the color of that light changes depending on its temperature. At low temperatures, the color is more red, and as the temperature rises, the color becomes lighter, until blue if it is very hot. This occurs because, as the temperature increases, the energy of the light emitted by the object also increases.

Neutron Star

Neutron stars are ultra-dense remnants of massive stars that collapsed after supernova explosions. Despite being only about 20 kilometers in diameter, they can have a mass up to 2.16 times that of the Sun. Composed mostly of neutrons, they possess intense magnetic fields and often spin rapidly, emitting radiation as pulsars. These compact stars showcase some of the universe's most extreme physical phenomena.

61 Cygni B

Type of star: K7 V ​Surface temp. K: 4150 K Color and nanometers: orange-red star, wavelength of 698nm  Size: 836,000 km ​Mass: 63% of the Sun's mass Hertzsprung-Russel diagram classification: K7V (orange dwarf) Constellation: Cygnus Distance from Earth: 11.4 light years Planets and exoplanets: There are no confirmed planets or exoplanets

HD 706402

Type of star: G5V ​Surface temp. K: 5732 K Color and nanometers: Yellow, 565-590nm Size: 97 R sun Mass: 104 M sun Hertzsprung-Russel diagram classification: G5V Constellation: Puppis Distance from Earth: 95.5 Planets and exoplanets: There are no exoplanets or planets

Procyon B

Type of star: This star is a white dwarf ​Surface temp. K: 7,740 Kelvin ​Color and nanometers: White star and is between 400 and 700 nanometers ​Size: Its size is 1.2 % R sun ​Mass: Its mass is 60.2 % M sun ​Hertzsprung-Russel diagram classification: DQZ Constellation: Canis Minor ​Distance from Earth: 11.4 light-years from Earth ​Planets and exoplanets: There are currently no known exoplanets

White Dawrf

A white dwarf is the remnant core of a star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel and shed its outer layers. These stars are incredibly dense—just a teaspoon of their material would weigh as much as an elephant on Earth2. They are supported by electron degeneracy pressure, which prevents them from collapsing further under their own gravity.

HD 209458

Type of star: G0V Surface temp. K: 6080K Color and nanometers: 500-550 green ​Size: 1.38KM ​Mass: 2.23 x 1030 Hertzsprung-Russel diagram classification: G0V. principal sequence Constellation: pegasus Distance from Earth: 159 light years Planets and exoplanets: is an exoplanet also called osisris

HD 141399

Type of star: G0V-type star, a yellow dwarf ​Surface temp. K: 5,900 K. Color and nanometers: yellow-white - 510 nm Size: Approximately 1.1 times the Sun's radius. Mass: Around 1.05 solar masses. Hertzsprung-Russel diagram classification: Main sequence star. Constellation: Serpens Distance from Earth: 97 light-years.. Planets and exoplanets: HD 141399