Stellar Catalog

Stellar Catalog

Yaretzi Díaz, Zuri Ximena Andrade, Carol Medina, Eduardo Rodriguez y Alexandra Tolentino.

Index:

Relationship between color and Temperature...

Life Cycle of Stars...

Phases of the Star...

Wien ´s Law...

Stars...

Graphics...

Blackbody...

References...

Life Cycle of stars

The life cycle of stars begins with a cloud of gas and dust in space, called a NEBULA, which collapses under the influence of gravity. As the nebula contracts, its temperature and pressure increase until nuclear fusion begins in its core, and it becomes a star. The life cycle of a massive star varies depending on its initial mass, and is characterized by stages such as nebula formation, the main sequence, the SUPERGIANT stage, and the SUPERNOVA explosion.

Then...

A smaller star, like the Sun, will gradually cool and stop shining. During these changes, it will go through the planetary NEBULA phase and the white dwarf phase. After many billions of years, it will stop shining and become a BLACK DRAFT. A massive star experiences a much more energetic and violent end.

Phases of the Stars

Main Sequence:

White Drawfs:

Protostar:

Nebula:

Gigant Red:

Supernova:

Black hole:

Neutron Star:

Stars:

Epsilon Pegasi (Class K)

Zeta Tucanae (Class F)

Vega B (Class B)

Lambda Tauri (Class B)

Beta Arietis (Class A)

40 Eridani A (Class K)

HD 102365 (Class G)

40 Eridani B (Class B)

Nu Draconis (Class A)

40 Eridani C (Class M)

Blackbody

The Black body is defined as a surface that absorbs all the radiant light or energy that falls on it. We can also say that anybody that absorbs all the electromagnetic radiation irrespective of the angle of incidence and the frequency of radiation is called a Black body.

Over here!!

Relationship Between color and temperature

The surface temperature of a star determines the color of light it emits. Blue stars are hotter than yellow stars, which are hotter than red stars.

Wien´s Law?

Formula:

Wien’s displacement law relates the observed wavelength of light from a star to its surface temperature, it states: The black body radiation curve for different temperatures peaks at a wavelength which is inversely proportional to the temperature.

Graphics

In the graph, we can see how the color of the stars and their wavelength change depending on their temperature. We can observe that the hotter stars have a lower wavelength number, while the cooler stars are red in color and have a higher wavelength. Our graph with the HR diagram coincides in the stars that are hotter with those that are colder. They also coincide that the stars, some are opaque, others are brighter, and the scale of our graph coincides with the HR diagram.

Thanks!

References:

11.-Illinois, University of. (14/03/2025). KUMA (Nu Draconis). Recuperado de http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/kuma.html#:~:text=KUMA%20(Nu%20Draconis).,at%20a%20measured%207350%20Kelvin  2.- Constellation Guide. (14/03/2025). Draco constellation. Recuperado de https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/draco-constellation/#:~:text=Draco%20has%20nine%20stars%20with,contains%2017%20formally%20named%20stars  3.- TheSkyLive. (14/03/2025). Nu 1 Draconis star. Recuperado de https://theskylive.com/sky/stars/nu1-draconis-star  4.- Universe Guide. (14/03/2025). Nu 2 Draconis. Recuperado de https://www.universeguide.com/star/85829/nu2draconis  5.- The Sky Life. (14/03/25) ν1 Draconis (nu1 Draconis). Recuperado de: https://theskylive-com.translate.goog/sky/stars/nu1-draconis-star?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=es-419&_x_tr_hl=es-419&_x_tr_pto=The Life Cycles of Starssc  6.- NASA. (14/03/25) The Life Cycles of Stars. Recuperado de:https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/lifecycles/LC_main3.html  7.- MSU (14/03/25) Draco. Recuperado de:https://web.pa.msu.edu/people/horvatin/Astronomy_Facts/constellation_pages/draco.htm#:~:text=The%20most%20famous%20story%20involving,Olympian%20gods%20fought%20the%20Titans.  8.- Horvatin, M. (14/ mar./ 2025). Pegasus. Recuperado de https://web.pa.msu.edu/people/horvatin/Astronomy_Facts/constellation_pages/pegasus.htm#:~:text=An%20ancient%20constellation%20who%20was,Perseus%20as%20he%20rescued%20Andromeda.  9.- The Sky Live. (14/ mar./ 2025). Enif (Epsilon Pegasi) star. Recuperado de https://theskylive.com/sky/stars/enif-epsilon-pegasi-star  10.- Nine Planets. (14/ mar./ 2025). Enif. Recuperado de https://nineplanets.org/enif/  11.- Sky at Night Magazine. (14/ mar./ 2025). Enif. Recuperado de https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/advice/enif  12.- Star Facts. (14/ mar./ 2025). Enif. Recuperado de https://www.star-facts.com/enif/#:~:text=With%20a%20surface%20temperature%20of,velocity%20of%208%20km%2Fs.  13.- Wikipedia. (14/ mar./ 2025). Epsilon Pegasi. Recuperado de https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Pegasi#:~:text=Epsilon%20Pegasi%20is%20a%20red,stellar%20classification%20of%20K2%20Ib  14.- Universe Guide. Zeta Tucanae Star Information. Recuperado el 12 de marzo de 2025, de https://www.universeguide.com/star/1599/zetatucanae  15.- Wikipedia.  Zeta Tucanae. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Recuperado el 12 de marzo de 2025, de https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Tucanae  16.- Constellation Guide. Tucana Constellation –Facts and Features. Recuperado el 12 de marzo de 2025, de https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/tucana-constellation/#:~:text=%CE%B6%20Tucanae%20(Zeta%20Tucanae)  17.- Wikipedia. Tucana (Constellation). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Recuperado el 12 de marzo de 2025, de https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucana#:~:text=Zeta%20Tucanae%20is%20a%20yellow  18.- University of Michigan.  Star Life Cycle and Evolution. Recuperado el 12 de marzo de 2025, de https://umich.edu/gs265/star.htm#::text=These%20mature%20stars%20undergo%20a  19.- NASA Imagine the Universe. White Dwarf Stars – Stellar Evolution. Recuperado el 12 de marzo de 2025, de https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/dwarfs2.html#:~:text=A%20white%20dwarf%20is%20what

• 20.- Stellar Catalog.  Zeta Tucanae – Characteristics and Properties. Recuperado el 12 de marzo de 2025, de https://www.stellarcatalog.com/estrellas/zeta-tucanae 
• 21.- Wikipedia en español. Zeta Tucanae. Wikipedia, La Enciclopedia Libre. Recuperado el 12 de marzo de 2025, de https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Tucanae 
• 22.- NASA Exoplanet Archive. Vega Star Information. NASA. Recuperado el 14 de marzo de 2025, de https://exoplanets.nasa.gov 
• 23.- European Space Agency   Hipparcos Catalogue: Vega Star Data. ESA. Recuperado el 14 de marzo de 2025, de https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/hipparcos 
• 24.- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.  Astrophysical Properties of Vega. CfA Harvard. Recuperado el 14 de marzo de 2025, de https://www.cfa.harvard.edu 

• 25.-Más Allá del azul palido. (14/03/25). Constelación de Aries: Mitología e historia. Recovered from https://www.fernandoneirapaz.com/constelacion-de-aries-mitologia-e-historia/#:~:text=En%20la%20mitología%20griega%2C%20la,una%20ninfa%20de%20las%20nubes. 
• 26.-Star Facts. (14/03/25). Shertan. Recovered from https://www.star-facts.com/sheratan/ 
• 27.- Wikipedia. (14/03/25). Beta arietis b distance from the Earth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Arietis#:~:text=Star%20of%20Bond).-,Properties,(17.9%20parsecs)%20from%20Earth.
• 28.- Stellar Catalog. (14/03/25). Eridani. Recuperado de. https://www.stellarcatalog.com/estrellas/40-eridani-a
• 29- Nasa. (14/03/25). HD 102365. Recuperado de.https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/hd-102365-b/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
• 30.- NASA. (14/03/25).HD102365.Recuperado de. https://ciencias.nasa.gov
• 31.- NASA. (14/03/25).HD102365.Recuperado de. https://ciencias.nasagov
• 32- Sky-Map.(14/03/25).spectral type HD102365. Recuperado de. https://www.sky-map.org
• 33.- Stella Catalog.(14/03/25).HD102365. Recuperado de. https://www.stellarcatalog.com
• 34.- Sabrizain.(14/03/25).40 Eridani A.Recuperado de. https://www.sabeizain.org
• 35.- Stellar Catalog.(14/03/25).40 Eridiani C.Recuperado de. https://www.stellarcatalog.com/stars/40-eridani-c
• 36.- Stellar Catalog.(14/03/25). 40 Eridiani B. Recuperado de. https://www.stellarcatalog.com/estrellas/40-eridani-b

• THE SCHOOLS' OBSERVATORY. (23/03/25). Stellar Evolution. Recovered from https://www.schoolsobservatory.org/learn/space/stars/evolution
• twinkl. (23/03/25). ¿Cuál es el ciclo de vida de las estrellas? Recovered from https://www.twinkl.es/resource/paquete-ciclo-de-vida-de-las-estrellas-sa-cn-1677889290#:~:text=El%20ciclo%20de%20vida%20de%20las%20estrellas%20comienza%20con%20la,se%20convierte%20en%20una%20estrella.
• BYJU´S. (01/04/25). What is a blackbody? Recovered from https://byjus.com/question-answer/what-is-black-body-example/
• La Cumbres Observatory. (04/04/25). Magnitude and Color. Recovered from https://lco.global/spacebook/distance/magnitude-and-color/#:~:text=The%20surface%20temperature%20of%20a%20star%20determines%20the%20color%20of,are%20hotter%20than%20red%20stars.
• SaveMyExams. (04/04/25). Wien's Displacement Law. Recovered from https://www.savemyexams.com/a-level/physics/cie/25/revision-notes/25-astronomy-and-cosmology/25-2-stellar-radii/wiens-displacement-law/

Nebula:

A nebula is a giant cloud of dust and gas in space. Some nebulae originate from the gas and dust ejected by the explosion of a dying star, such as a supernova. Other nebulae are regions where new stars are beginning to form. For this reason, some nebulae are called "star nurseries."

Black hole:

A black hole is an astronomical object that forms when a massive star collapses on itself. They are the densest objects in the universe and have such an intense gravitational pull that nothing, not even light, can escape.

40 Eridani C

• 40 Eridani C is a red dwarf star of spectral class M4.5 V.
• It is located 16 light-years away from the Sun.
• The star has 20.4% of the Sun's mass and 31% of the Sun's radius.
• Its surface temperature is 3167 K, which is about 55% of the Sun’s temperature
• 40 Eridani C is 5.6 million years old, which is 1.22 times the Sun's age.
• Its luminosity is 0.008 times that of the Sun.

• The star's apparent magnitude is 11.2, and its absolute magnitude is 12.7.
• The star appears red due to its peak emission at 915 nm in the infrared.I

White Drawfs:

White dwarfs are the objects that most stars become after exhausting the hydrogen that fuels them. Their size is roughly that of Earth, but their mass is more similar to that of the Sun.

40 Eridani B

• 40 Eridani B is a white dwarf with spectral class DA4.
• It is located 16 light-years from the Sun.
• It has 57.3% of the Sun's mass.
• Its size is 1.4% of the Sun's radius (0.1 times the radius of Jupiter).
• Its luminosity is 0.13 times the Sun's luminosity.
• Its surface temperature ranges from 12,000 K to 17,200 K.
• It is in the southern celestial hemisphere, too faint to be seen with the naked eye, but observable with a basic telescope.

• Using Wien's Law, the peak wavelength of emission is between 168 nm and 242 nm, which falls in the ultraviolet (UV) range.
• Although it primarily emits in the ultraviolet range, its color would be perceived as blue due to its high temperature.

40 Eridani A

• Color and Electromagnetic Spectrum: Orange and has a electromagnetic spectrum that includes visible, infrared and ultraviolet light
• Constellation: Eridanus
• Relationship between color and temperature : 557 nm the color is green

• Is a star located in the constellation of Eridanus, about 16.5 light-years from Earth.
• Spectral type: K1-V (orange dwarf).
• Surface temperature: Approximately 5,200 K, making it cooler than the Sun (which has a temperature of about 5,778 K).
• Luminosity: It has a luminosity approximately 1/10 that of the Sun.
• Mass: Around 0.8 solar masses, or 80% of the Sun's mass.
• Age: It is estimated to be between 4.5 and 6 billion years old, placing it in a phase similar to the Age of the Sun.

Vega (Alpha Lyrae)

• Type: Main-sequence star A0V
• Surface Temperature: 9,602 K
• Color: Blue-white
• Size: 2 to 3 times the Sun's radius
• Mass: 2.1 solar masses
• Luminosity: 40 times the Sun's luminosity

• Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Classification: A0V (main-sequence, type A)

• Location : In the Lyra constellation

• 25 Light-years from Earth
• Age:455 million years, still in the main sequence
• Fate: Will become a red giant and end as a white dwarf.

Beta Arietis

Beta Arietis A

• Type: A-type main-sequence star in a binary system
• Temperature: 9,000 K
• Color: Blue-white
• Size: 50% the radius of the Sun, radius 1.985 ± 0.229 R☉
• Mass: 2.34 M☉
• Luminosity: 23.73 times the Sun’s luminosity
• Distance: 58.66 light-years
• Color-Temperature Relationship: According to Wien's law, 322 nm (blue light)

• Beta Arietis B:
• Type: G-type main-sequence star
• Temperature: 9,000 K
• Color: Yellow
• Size: 150% the radius of the Sun
• Mass: 1.34 M☉
• Luminosity: 1.3 times the Sun’s luminosity
• Distance: 58.4 light-years
• Color-Temperature Relationship: According to Wien's law, 322 nm (blue light)

HD 102365

• Spectral Type: G2V (Yellow Dwarf)
• Temperature: 5,643 K
• Mass: 84% of the Sun's mass
• Radius: 96% of the Sun's radius
• Luminosity: 85% of the Sun's luminosity
• Distance: 30.4 light-years
• Planet: HD 102365 b (16 times Earth’s mass)
• Fate: Unknown, but likely a stable star.
• Relationship between color and temperature : 513 nm the color is green

Gigant Red:

Red giants are the result of the evolution of low- and intermediate-mass stars, such as our Sun. Because these stars are the most numerous and their lifetimes are long, red giants are very abundant.

Protostar:

Protostars are stars in the process of formation, fueled by disks of gas that surround them and flow toward their centers. The details of this process, including the reasons why stars acquire different masses, are still unclear.

Supernova:

A supernova is a cataclysmic stellar explosion that occurs at the end of a massive star's life or when a white dwarf merges uncontrollably, releasing a vast amount of energy and chemical elements into space.

Zeta Tucanae

• Spectral Type: F9.5V (Main Sequence)
• Temperature: Between 6,000 and 7,500 K
• Color: Yellow-white (similar to the Sun)
• Mass: 0.99 M☉
• Luminosity: More luminous than the Sun
• Distance: 28 light years from Earth
• Location: In the Tucana constellation
• Age: 3.3 to 3.5 billion years
• Current Status: Main sequence star, fusing hydrogen into helium
• Fate: Will become a white dwarf
• Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: Main Sequence (F-type).

Epsilon Pegasi

• Spectral Type: K-type Supergiant
• Temperature: 4,379 K
• Color: Orange
• Size: 169-185 times the Sun’s radius
• Mass: 11.7 solar masses
• Luminosity: 12,250 times the Sun’s luminosity
• Distance: 690 light-years
• Fate: May produce a supernova or leave behind a high-mass white dwarf.

Nu Draconis

• Spectral Type: Binary star system (Nu1 and Nu2)
• Temperature: Nu1: 5700K, Nu2: 4850K
• Color: Yellow/ Orange(565-625 nm)
• Mass: 1.35 solar masses
• Luminosity: 9 times that of the Sun
• Distance: 100 light-years
• Fate: Both will likely become red giants and may form neutron stars or black holes.

Neutron Star:

A neutron star is an extremely dense and small stellar remnant that forms after a massive star explodes as a supernova. It is composed primarily of neutrons, resulting from the fusion of protons and electrons in the core of the original star.

Lambda Tauri

• Name and Type: Lambda Tauri (Bayer)
• Surface Temperature: 18,700 k

• Size and Radius: 6.4 times the Radius of the sun
• Mass: 1.89 times the mass of the Sun.
• Luminosity: 1430,93,
• Constellation: Located in the constellation of Taurus
• Distance from Earth: 480 light-years
• Spectral type: B3V +A
• Relationship between color and temperature : 155 nm the color is Blue

Main Sequence:

The main sequence is the stage in which most stars fuse hydrogen to form helium. It is the longest phase of a star's life and constitutes approximately 90% of its existence.