Info
Disaster risk knowledge
Comprehensive information on all the dimensions of disaster risk, including hazards, exposure, vulnerability and capacity.
Impact-based forecasts
Impact-based forecasts and warnings are designed to express the expected impacts as a result of the expected weather (example: “Bora winds are expected tonight which may result in delays or cancellation to ferry services.”)
Warnings
Weather warnings contain information that refers to weather-based hazards, and how they are expected to change over time. (Example: “Bora winds are expected tonight with wind speeds of 20 metres per second.”).
Finance for early warning & anticipatory action delivery
The resourcing needed to cover both the set up of national early warning and anticipatory action capacities and the funding of anticipatory humanitarian actions once triggers are activated. Financial planning and resource mobilization for all activities across the chain are critical for the sustainability of the entire system.
Detection, observations, monitoring, analysis & forecasting of hazards
Multi-hazard monitoring and forecasting services with a sound scientific and technological basis.
Co-delivery of anticipatory actions
Different methods are applied to ensure that the warnings are acted upon and early actions are undertaken. They require triggers for both anticipatory humanitarian action and shock-responsive social protection mechanisms, as well as mechanisms for the provision of cash payments and case management for highly vulnerable groups, among others.
Joint feedback, monitoring & evaluation systems
Mechanisms to measure the effectiveness and impact of multi-hazard early warning systems (MHEWS), i.e., that messages are understood and used, and that lives are effectively saved. It requires feedback loops throughout the chain and regular progress reports and exchanges across the different components of the value chain.
Event time scale
Actions taken once a warning has been issued – the activation and application of the design timescale activities.
Policy & institutional arrangements
Legal and institutional frameworks and norms, as well as arrangements among relevant actors, to support the establishment and operation of multi-hazard early warning systems (MHEWS). These should be embedded in national disaster risk management frameworks and strategies.
Community connection & coordination
Series of actions to ensure that the design of an early warning and early action system is participatory or co-produced. Broader participation ensures that climate information can be tailored to specific contexts and audiences.
REAP compendium of visualizations on early warning and early action
The REAP compendium of visualizations on early warning and early action report acknowledges that it is not possible to provide a single visualization that could comprehensively represent the early warning and early action (EWEA) needs of very diverse stakeholders. It does, however, identify commonalities across visualizations, organizations and sectors. Specifically, it identifies 74 elements that are recurring across the 10 visualizations presented in the report, summarized in a simplified representation of the key elements for an effective EWEA system according to three distinct timescales: foundational; design; and event.
Household-level action
Early warnings are only effective if the warnings and the institutional anticipatory action also lead to concrete early action at community and household levels.
Preparedness & response capabilities
The ability of institutions and people to translate early warnings into life-saving actions.
Pre-warnings
Pre-warnings are increasingly used to better coordinate early actions between national meteorological and hydrological services (NMHSs) and early action actors (national disaster management agencies (NDMAs), humanitarian actors, etc.). They focus on early notifications for potential forthcoming warnings.
Design time scale
The critical elements for the design and development of an early warning early action system, from knowledge of hazards and vulnerabilities through to preparedness and capacity to respond. Best practice early warning systems also have strong inter-linkages and effective communication channels between all of the elements.
Public awareness & education on warnings
Training and education have been proven to improve people’s understanding of natural hazards and their vulnerability to them while addressing misplaced or ill-informed beliefs.
Warning dissemination & communication
Communication and dissemination systems (including the development of last-mile connectivity) that ensure people and communities receive warnings in advance of impending hazard events.
Foundational elements
The enabling environment that ensures that an early warning and early action system operates in a clear, effective, inclusive and sustainable manner.
Activate / trigger
Impact forecasts and warnings provide detailed quantitative information on the impacts of upcoming disasters, down to the individual, activity or community level. Usually, these types of forecasts will be the mandate of partnering agencies (national disaster management agencies (NDMAs), humanitarian actors, etc.) rather than the role of the NMHS itself.
The REAP Visualisation of Early Warning and Early Action Frameworks
Lorraine Youds
Created on March 17, 2025
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Info
Disaster risk knowledge
Comprehensive information on all the dimensions of disaster risk, including hazards, exposure, vulnerability and capacity.
Impact-based forecasts
Impact-based forecasts and warnings are designed to express the expected impacts as a result of the expected weather (example: “Bora winds are expected tonight which may result in delays or cancellation to ferry services.”)
Warnings
Weather warnings contain information that refers to weather-based hazards, and how they are expected to change over time. (Example: “Bora winds are expected tonight with wind speeds of 20 metres per second.”).
Finance for early warning & anticipatory action delivery
The resourcing needed to cover both the set up of national early warning and anticipatory action capacities and the funding of anticipatory humanitarian actions once triggers are activated. Financial planning and resource mobilization for all activities across the chain are critical for the sustainability of the entire system.
Detection, observations, monitoring, analysis & forecasting of hazards
Multi-hazard monitoring and forecasting services with a sound scientific and technological basis.
Co-delivery of anticipatory actions
Different methods are applied to ensure that the warnings are acted upon and early actions are undertaken. They require triggers for both anticipatory humanitarian action and shock-responsive social protection mechanisms, as well as mechanisms for the provision of cash payments and case management for highly vulnerable groups, among others.
Joint feedback, monitoring & evaluation systems
Mechanisms to measure the effectiveness and impact of multi-hazard early warning systems (MHEWS), i.e., that messages are understood and used, and that lives are effectively saved. It requires feedback loops throughout the chain and regular progress reports and exchanges across the different components of the value chain.
Event time scale
Actions taken once a warning has been issued – the activation and application of the design timescale activities.
Policy & institutional arrangements
Legal and institutional frameworks and norms, as well as arrangements among relevant actors, to support the establishment and operation of multi-hazard early warning systems (MHEWS). These should be embedded in national disaster risk management frameworks and strategies.
Community connection & coordination
Series of actions to ensure that the design of an early warning and early action system is participatory or co-produced. Broader participation ensures that climate information can be tailored to specific contexts and audiences.
REAP compendium of visualizations on early warning and early action
The REAP compendium of visualizations on early warning and early action report acknowledges that it is not possible to provide a single visualization that could comprehensively represent the early warning and early action (EWEA) needs of very diverse stakeholders. It does, however, identify commonalities across visualizations, organizations and sectors. Specifically, it identifies 74 elements that are recurring across the 10 visualizations presented in the report, summarized in a simplified representation of the key elements for an effective EWEA system according to three distinct timescales: foundational; design; and event.
Household-level action
Early warnings are only effective if the warnings and the institutional anticipatory action also lead to concrete early action at community and household levels.
Preparedness & response capabilities
The ability of institutions and people to translate early warnings into life-saving actions.
Pre-warnings
Pre-warnings are increasingly used to better coordinate early actions between national meteorological and hydrological services (NMHSs) and early action actors (national disaster management agencies (NDMAs), humanitarian actors, etc.). They focus on early notifications for potential forthcoming warnings.
Design time scale
The critical elements for the design and development of an early warning early action system, from knowledge of hazards and vulnerabilities through to preparedness and capacity to respond. Best practice early warning systems also have strong inter-linkages and effective communication channels between all of the elements.
Public awareness & education on warnings
Training and education have been proven to improve people’s understanding of natural hazards and their vulnerability to them while addressing misplaced or ill-informed beliefs.
Warning dissemination & communication
Communication and dissemination systems (including the development of last-mile connectivity) that ensure people and communities receive warnings in advance of impending hazard events.
Foundational elements
The enabling environment that ensures that an early warning and early action system operates in a clear, effective, inclusive and sustainable manner.
Activate / trigger
Impact forecasts and warnings provide detailed quantitative information on the impacts of upcoming disasters, down to the individual, activity or community level. Usually, these types of forecasts will be the mandate of partnering agencies (national disaster management agencies (NDMAs), humanitarian actors, etc.) rather than the role of the NMHS itself.