Copia - Programming languages

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Doc. R. Spampinato

Programming languages

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

MACHINE CODE

COMPUTER TRANSLATOR

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

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Table of contents

MACHINE CODES

Programming languages means giving a set of instructions (called program) to digital computers. Each program enables a computer to perform a particular task. In other words, a program is an algorithm expressed in a suitable form because it is nothing that a sequence of operations describing a method for the resulution of a problem. Programming language instructions must be expressed in binary code, that is 1s and 0s

FLOW CHART

We can generate the solving procedure (algorithm) in graphic form. This representation is called flow chart and consists of graphical symbols where instructions are written. Orienting lines determine the sequence of the operations to be performed.

FLOW CHART SYMBOLS

MACHINE CODES

In the first machine language programs, each instruction consisted of two parts: an operation code (which specified the action to be carried out) and an operand.

Pros and Cons

Computer languages

Computer languages that could be performed by one type of computer with a particular CPU are called low-level languages and are said to be hardware dependent

Rather than binary code, assembly language use alphabetic abbreviations of English words called mnemonics or memory aids to represent operation codes and abstract symbols to represent operands.

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

Pros and Cons

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Programs written in a high-level language, instead, are more people oriented. They can be used on different PCs with little alteration and they are independend of a specific hardware. However, before programs written in these languages can be executed by a PC, they must be translated by a compiler or interpreter.

format the information taken from the database into attractive

REPORT WRITERS

enable the user to specify a problem and decribe the desired results

APPLICATION GENERATORS

enable users to request information from a database

QUERY LANGUAGES

4th generation languages (4GLs)

COMPUTER LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR

Types of translator

A compiler reads and translates the entire high-level language program. if there is no error during the compilation, the whole program is ready to be executed. The binary coded form can be reused

An interpreter translates the program statements. After each statement is translated it is checked. If there isn't any error, the object code is send to the CPU for execution

The translation program used with an assembly language is called assembler

COMPILED LANGUAGES

INTERPRETED LANGUAGES

ASSEMBLED LANGUAGES

A com is a model based on binary reuse. This means that COM-based applications can be reused without any dependencies on source code. Com is based on object- oriented programming.

OOP

Ref. module 7

THANKS!

• The machine language program was easily executed
• It was difficult to be deciphered
• It was error-prone
• Each computer had its peculiar machine code

Pros and Cons

• More intelligible and less error-prone
• To be executed the assembly language must be translated into binary code
• Assembly language are written for specific computers, so they cannot be transferred

Pros and Cons