THE INTERWAR YEARS AND WORLD WAR II

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION-URSS BORN

COMUNISM RISES

initial activity

WAS WWII INEVITABLE?

THE INTERWAR YEARS AND WW II

PROSPERITY AND CRISIS

RAGING 1920'S-1929 CRASH

THE RISE OF TOTALITARISM

FASCISM-NAZISM-STALINISM

WW II

CAUSES-MAIN EVENTS

THE AFTERMATH

WW II CONSEQUENCES- ROAD TO A DIVIDED WORLD

was ww ii inevitable?

THE CONSEQUENCES

Causation

THE PR0CESS

the russian revolution. the ussr is born

USSR

1922

the russian revolution. the ussr is born

1918-1923

Civil War

There was resistance to the changes

1917

October Revolution

The government of the soviets

1917

February Revolution

The bourgeois Revolution

1905

Revolution

A warning

The roaring 1920's

The Great Depression

prosperity and crisis

1929

1933

1938

1939

1918

WWII

the crash

End New Deal

New Deal

End of WWI

SUMMARY

TOTALITARISM ACTIVITIES

the rise of totalitarism

• Mass protests over food shortages, strikes, and military mutinies forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate on March 15.
• Provisional Government Established (March 1917): Led by Alexander Kerensky, it failed to address key issues like land reform and Russia’s involvement in WWI = more social unrest, comunists gain momentum.
• Rise of the Soviets: Workers’ and soldiers’ councils (Petrograd Soviet) gained power, often opposing the Provisional Government.
• April Theses (April 1917): Lenin returned from exile, calling for "Peace, Land, and Bread" and the overthrow of the Provisional Government.
• June Offensive (June 1917): A failed Russian military campaign in WWI, leading to mass desertions and loss of faith in the government.
• July Days (July 1917): Armed protests by Bolsheviks and workers were suppressed, and Lenin temporarily fled to Finland.
• Kornilov Affair (August 1917): General Kornilov attempted a coup, but the Provisional Government relied on Bolsheviks to stop it, strengthening their influence.
• Growing Bolshevik Support: The Bolsheviks gained majority in key Soviets (Petrograd and Moscow) by September 1917.

February Revolution (March 1917)

1970

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LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES

SHORT TERM CONSEQUENCES

the russian revolution. the ussr is born

Not good at all

Great Depression in Europe + recovery

1960

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• Sheer poverty, inequality, and Industrial backwardness. Hunger, starvation • Peasant Discontent: The majority of Russians were impoverished peasants living under feudal-like conditions, demanding land redistribution. • Proletariat Growth: The working class in cities faced terrible conditions, radicalizing them and making them receptive to revolutionary ideas. • Effects of WWI: Russia suffered massive military losses against Germany, causing a loss of morale and weakening support for the Tsar. This led to desertions and Mutinies. Soldiers, mostly peasants, deserted the army, refused to fight, and joined the revolution.

• Tsarist Absolutism: Russia was ruled by an outdated autocratic system under Tsar Nicholas II, who resisted political reforms. • Failure of the Duma (Parliament): Established after the 1905 Revolution, the Duma had limited power, and Nicholas frequently dissolved it, showing his unwillingness to share power. • Opposition Movements: Socialist and Marxist groups (e.g., Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries) gained support among workers and peasants, advocating revolution. • Corruption and Inefficiency: The Russian bureaucracy was riddled with inefficiency and nepotism, eroding trust in the government.

Social

Military and strategic

Link to world war II

Economic

Political

The consequences of World War I (1914–1918) had profound impacts on the interwar period (1919–1939) and directly contributed to the outbreak of World War II (1939–1945).

October Revolution (Nov 7, 1917):

• The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government in Petrograd, seizing power.
• Formation of the Soviet Government (Nov 1917): Lenin established the Council of People’s Commissars (Sovnarkom), with Bolsheviks in control.
• Decrees on Peace and Land (Nov 1917): Russia withdrew from WWI negotiations, and land was redistributed to peasants.
• Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly (Jan 1918): Elections were held, but when the Bolsheviks lost, Lenin dissolved the Assembly by force.
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918): Russia formally exited WWI, signing a treaty with Germany that ceded vast territories to Germany (Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltics).
• War Communism Begins: The Bolsheviks nationalized industries, imposed strict state control, and seized grain from peasants.

• Suppression of Opposition: The Bolsheviks banned rival political parties and established a one-party state.

• Anti-Bolshevik Resistance Grows: Former Tsarist officers, monarchists, and non-Bolshevik socialists formed the White Army, supported by Western nations.
• Outbreak of the Russian Civil War (Mid-1918)

The Outbreak of the Russian Civil War (1918-1921) The "Reds" (Bolsheviks) vs. the "Whites" (anti-Bolshevik forces):

• The Red Army, led by Leon Trotsky, fought against various opposition forces, including monarchists, liberals, and moderate socialists. The White Army received foreign aid from Britain, France, the U.S., and Japan but lacked unity.
• The Czech Legion Revolt (May 1918): A group of Czechoslovak soldiers rebelled, triggering the expansion of the civil war.
• The Red Terror (1918-1920) The Cheka (secret police) launched a campaign of repression against opponents. The execution of Tsar Nicholas II and his family (July 1918) in Ekaterinburg. Thousands of political enemies, including aristocrats, clergy, and bourgeoisie, were arrested or executed.
• War Communism and Economic Collapse (1918-1920) The nationalization of industries and forced grain requisitioning led to economic hardships and famine. Widespread peasant revolts and worker strikes occurred due to harsh policies.
• The Defeat of the White Army (1919-1921) 1920-1921: The Bolsheviks crushed the remaining White forces in Crimea, Siberia, and the Far East. Foreign intervention ended as Allied forces withdrew.
• The Kronstadt Rebellion and the End of the War (March 1921) Sailors at the Kronstadt naval base revolted against Bolshevik rule, demanding more political freedoms. The Red Army brutally suppressed the rebellion, marking the last major challenge to Bolshevik authority.
• Establishment of the Soviet Union (1922) By 1922, the Bolsheviks had full control, consolidating their power. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was officially established in December 1922.

1940

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• Russia had just been defeated in the Russo-japanese war (colonialist conflict for China's territories)Sparked by Bloody Sunday (Jan 22, 1905), where troops fired on peaceful protesters in St. Petersburg. Strikes, mutinies, and uprisings followed.
• October Manifesto (1905): Tsar Nicholas II granted a constitution and established the Duma, but later restricted its power, maintaining autocracy. Little and insufficient reforms. High social unrest.

1905 Revolution

1950

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CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

Totalitarianism in the 20th Century FASCISM (Italy) - Leader: Benito Mussolini (Il Duce) - One-party dictatorship - Militarism and nationalism - State-controlled economy with corporate interests - Propaganda and censorship - Suppression of opposition NAZISM (Germany) - Leader: Adolf Hitler (Führer) - Racial superiority and anti-Semitism - Total state control over society - Expansionist militarism (Lebensraum) - Propaganda, censorship, and secret police (Gestapo) - Political repression and concentration camps COMMUNISM (Soviet Union) - Leader: Joseph Stalin - One-party rule (Communist Party) - State-controlled economy (Five-Year Plans, Collectivization) - Repression and purges (Gulag system, NKVD) - Propaganda and ideological control - No political or personal freedoms Common Characteristics - Absolute control by a single leader or party - Suppression of opposition and dissent - Use of propaganda and state censorship - Militarism and expansionism - Control of the economy and society