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A Side By Side Timeline Of Jewish History And World History

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Created on February 9, 2025

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A Side By Side Timeline Of Jewish History And World History

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Link the photos to their historical milestones, uncover the history behind them, and unlock the stories they tell on a journey through time.

1776

1897

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1. Drag the images: Place each image on the timeline according to its correct date. 2. Verify your answers: After positioning the images, click the solution button to review your choices. 3. Zoom In: Tap on any image to enlarge it for a closer look. 4. Discover fascinating facts: Tap the plus symbol next to each photo to uncover fascinating historical insights. Curious for more? Tap the link to dive into even more fascinating info, YouTube links, and extra content!

1921

1936

1939-1945

1948

START

2700 BCE

3500 BCE

1523 BCE

3500 BCE

1731 BCE

3100 BCE

Canaanites and Egypt ruled over the land of Israel 3500 BCE-1276 BCE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

3500 BCE

Adam and Eve

Agricultural revolution

3100 BCE

Egypt first kingdom

True writing invented

2700 BCE

1731 BCE

God’s Covenant with Abraham

1653-1506 BCE

Jacob, Leah, and Rachel were the third generation of Israel's patriarchs and matriarchs. Jacob was renamed Israel and became the father of the Twelve Tribes of Israel.

1523 BCE

Journey to Egypt

1313 - 1276 BCE

The Exodus - Moses led the Jewish people out of Egypt towards the land of Israel.

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The Jewish People ruled over the land of Israel 1273 BCE-924 BCE

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After 40 years in the desert following the exodus from Egypt, the Jewish people live in the land of Israel and rule over themselves

Jewish Events:

World Events:

1200 BCE

Trojan War

1000 BCE

King David makes Jerusalem the capital of the Kingdome

957 BCE

King Solomon built the First Temple in Jerusalem

924 BCE

King Solomon’s death led to the division of the 12 tribes of Israel into two kingdoms: -two tribes formed Judah (Southern Kingdom) and ten tribes formed Israel (Northern Kingdom)

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720 BCE

Judah and Asyria ruled over the land of Israel 720 BCE - 597 BCE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

The Assyrian Empire conquered the northern kingdom of Israel. The remaining population of the ten tribes either fled to Judah or were exiled to Assyria

720 BCE

640 BCE

Currency invented

Babylon ruled over the land of Israel

597 BCE - 538 BCE

Jewish Events:

597 BCE

Babylon conquered the Assyrian Empire and the southern kingdom of Judah.

Destruction of the 1st Temple by Babylonians Most Jews are exiled to Babylonia, which is located in present day Iraq

586 BCE

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Persia ruled over the land of Israel 538 BCE - 332 BCE

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The Persian Empire conquered Babylon.

World Events:

Jewish Events:

563 BCE

Buddha - founder of Buddhism is born

538 BCE

King Cyrus of Persia allows Jews to return to the land of Israel. What is known as Cyrus’s decree

515 BCE

Second Temple built on the ruins of the previous one

518 365 BCE

Purim - The Jewish people are saved from a planned massacre

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250-65 BCE

332-63 BCE

166-64 BCE

The

Greece/Macedonia ruled over the land of Israel 332 BCE - 64 BCE

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Greece led by Alexander the Great, conquered Persia.

Jewish Events:

World Events:

Dead Sea Scrolls are written in Hebrew and later hidden. They are discovered in 1947 by three Bedouin shepherds in the caves near the Dead Sea

250-65 BCE

166-64 BCE

Maccabean Revolt against theGreek Empire because King Antiochus outlawed Jewish religion and traditions. The revolt succeeded and the Temple was under control of the Jewish people. Hanukkah is later celebrated to commemorate this victory

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

Greece/Macedonia ruled over the land of Israel 332 BCE - 63 BCE

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Jewish Events:

142-129 BCE

Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans

129- 63 BCE

Jewish Independence under Hasmonean monarchy

The Roman Empire ruled over the land of Israel 63 BCE - 313 CE

63 BCE

Jerusalem captured by Roman general, Pompey

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The Romans destroy Jerusalem and the Second Temple.

70 CE

The Roman Empire ruled over the land of Israel 63 BCE - 313 CE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

37-4 BCE

Herod,Roman vassal king, rules the land of Israel. The Temple in Jerusalem refurbished

4 BCE

Jesus is born

20 CE

The city of Tiberius is founded on the ruins of Jewish villages. It will remain a center of Jewish life for 1,300 years

27-36 CE

Jesus preaches in the Galilee and Judaea

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World Events:

The Roman Empire ruled over the land of Israel 63 BCE - 313 CE

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Jewish Events:

66-70 CE

The Great Jewish revolt against the Romans

The Romans destroy Jerusalem and the Second Temple

70 CE

73 CE

The last Stand of Jews in Masada

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The Roman Empire ruled over the land of Israel 63 BCE - 313 CE

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Jewish Events:

The Romaans suppressed Bar Kochva revolt. The Romans were seeking to destroy memory of the Jewish nation, they rename the land Palestine after the Jews ancient enemy - a people of Greek origin called the Philistines

132 CE 135 CE

Byzantines ruled over the land of Israel 313 CE - 637 CE

Jewish Events:

World Events:

313 CE - 637 CE

The Byzantins subject the Jews to crippling taxes, persecutions and massacres. They were allowed to visit Jerusalem once a year

Rome adopted Christianity

381 CE

Muhammad, founder of Islam is born

570 CE

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Arab Islamic Conquest ruled over the land of Israel 637 CE - 1095 CE

Muslim forces conquer ancient Israel, ending Byzantine rule.685-691 CE, the Dome of the Rock was built by Caliph Abd al-Malik on the site of the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem.

Crusader Kingdoms ruled over the land of Israel

1095 CE - 1187 CE

European Crusaders defeat the Muslims, massacring Jews In Europe, siege Jerusalem, and decimating the Jewish community.

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Saladin’s Empire ruled over the land of Israel

1187 CE - 1254 CE

Jews fight alongside Saladin the Kurdish Sultan of Egypt, and Syria to expel the Crusaders.

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1315-1317 CE

The Mamluks ruled over the land of Israel 1254 CE - 1516 CE

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The Mamluks were non - Arab Muslims, who were slaves.

Jewish Events:

World Events:

1271-1295 CE

1290 CE

Most countries in Central and Western Europe expelled their Jews between the 12th and the 15th centuries. England did so in 1290

Marco Polo's journeys

1315-1317 CE

Famine in Europe

1328 CE

The treaty of Edinburgh - Northampton, under which England recognized Scottish independence

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The Mamluks ruled over the land of Israel 1254 CE - 1516 CE

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The Mamluks were non - Arab Muslims, who were slaves.

Jewish Events:

World Events:

1334 CE

King of Poland, Casimir the great grants rights to the Jews. Poland attracts Jewish immigrations from Germany and Russian as a result Poland becomes the most important Jewish center of Europe

1345 CE

Paris Notre - Dame Cathedral completed

1346-1352 CE

Jews were blamed and persecuted for the Black Plague

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The Mamluks ruled over the land of Israel 1254 CE - 1516 CE

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The Mamluks were non - Arab Muslims, who were slaves.

Jewish Events:

World Events:

1481-1492 CE

1492 CE

Christopher Columbus discovers the West Indies

Initiation of the Spanish Inquisition, and the 1492 CE Alhambra Decree

1500 CE

The city of Tzfat צְפַת becomes a thriving center of Jewish life and mysticism after Jews fled from Spain

1503 CE

Leonardo da Vinci started to paint the Mona Lisa

1508-1512 CE

Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling

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1648 CE

The Ukrainian massacre

The Ottoman Empire ruled over the land of Israel 1516 CE - 1917 CE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

1520-1625 CE

1500-1600 CE

Portugal, Spain, England, and France establish the slave trade from Africa to bring workers to sugar and tobacco plantations in South America and the Caribbean, and later to the cotton plantations in the southern U.S

Jews continue returning to the land of Israel

1558-1603 CE

1558 CE

Jews rebuilding Tiberius as a center of Jewish life

Elizabeth I rules England

1564-1616 CE

1564 CE

William Shakespeare

Code of Jewish Law - Shulchan Aruch published

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Jews continue returning to Israel

1648 CE

1520-1625 CE

1564 CE

The Ukrainian massacre

The Ottoman Empire ruled over the land of Israel 1516 CE - 1917 CE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

1600-1700 CE

Scientific revolutions

1648-1655 CE

The Ukrainian Cossack Bohdan Chmielnicki led a massacre of Polish gentry and Jews, resulting in an estimated 65,000 Jewish deaths and a similar number of gentry

1679 CE

Jews of Yemen expelled to Mawza

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1789-1799 CE

1861-1865 CE

1789-1799 CE

The Ottoman Empire ruled over the land of Israel 1516 CE - 1917 CE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

1776 CE

USA Declaration of Independence

1789-1799 CE

The French Revolution

1834 CE

Muslim Arabs massacre the Jews living in Safed and Hebron

1860 CE

Mishkenot Sha'ananim was the first Jewish neighborhood built outside the Old City of Jerusalem, by Sir Moses Montefiore

1861-1865 CE

The American Civil War

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The Ottoman Empire ruled over the land of Israel 1516 CE - 1917 CE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

1879 CE

Thomas Edison is credited with inventing the first practical and commercially viable incandescent light bulb

1881-1903 CE

Wave of pogroms in Russia,including the most known Kishinev pogrom

1882-1903 CE

Jews return to the land of Israel in the“First Aliyah” and revive Hebrew as a spoken language

1894 CE

Dreyfus Affair

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The Ottoman Empire ruled over the land of Israel 1516 CE - 1917 CE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

1897 CE

1st World Zionist Congress

1898 CE

The Spanish-American War

1901 CE

Jewish National fund is formed to purchase land to build Jewish communities in the land of Israel

1903 CE

The Wright Brothers

1904-1914 CE

Second Aliya

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Great Britain ruled over the land of Israel 1918 CE - 1948 CE

1917 CE

Balfour Declaration

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The Ottoman Empire ruled over the land of Israel 1516 CE - 1917 CE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

1909 CE

The city of Tel Aviv is founded

1910 CE

Degania the first kibbutz is established

1914 CE

World War I

1915-1917 CE

The Underground Organization – Nili

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Great Britain ruled over the land of Israel 1918 CE - 1948 CE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

1917 CE

Balfour Declaration

1918 CE

World War I ended, and Great Britain conquered and took control of Israel, what was called Palestine. The British mandate over the area was assigned by the League of Nations in 1920, recognizing it as the Jewish homeland under international law.

1919-1923 CE

Third Aliya

1920 CE

Histadrut (General Federation Of Labor) and Haganah (Jewish Defense Organization) founded

1921 CE

The British High Commissioner Lord Herbert Samuel appoints Haj Amin al Hussaini Muftti of Jerusalem

Nahalal: Pioneering the First Moshav in Israel

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The Palestine Orchestra is founded and later becomes the Israeli Philharmonic Orchestra

1932 CE

1936 CE

"The Palestine Post" now "The Jerusalem Post" is founded

World Events:

Great Britain ruled over the land of Israel 1918 CE - 1948 CE

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Jewish Events:

1922 CE

Britain granted Mandate for The Land Of Israel by League of Nations

1924-1932 CE

Fourth Aliya

1924 CE

Foundations of Israeli Academia: The Establishment of Technion (1924)

1925 CE

Foundations of Israeli Academia: The Establishment of the Hebrew University (1925)

1929 CE

A week of Arab riots and massacres of Jews in Hebron, Safed , Jerusalem, Motza, Kfar Uria, villages ,Tel Aviv, accompanied by looting and burning in Haifa and Jaffa.

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A week of Arab riots and massacres of Jews in Hebron, Safed , Jerusalem, Motza, Kfar Uria, villages ,Tel Aviv, accompanied by looting and burning in Haifa and Jaffa.

1929 CE

1936 CE

World Events:

Great Britain ruled over the land of Israel 1918 CE - 1948 CE

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Jewish Events:

1929-1939 CE

Fifth Aliya

1931 CE

The Etzel was founded

1932 CE

"The Palestine Post" now "The Jerusalem Post" is founded

1934-1948 CE

The Illegal Immigration Ha'Apala העפלה

1936-1939 CE

The Arab Revolt מאורעות תרצ"ו–תרצ"ט

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Great Britain ruled over the land of Israel 1918 CE - 1948 CE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

1936 CE

"The Palestine Orchestra" is founded and later becomes the" Israeli Philharmonic Orchestra"

1939-1945 CE

1939 CE

The British White Paper

World War II

1941 CE

Lehi לח״י - was formed.Palmach פלמ״ח the Haganah strike force was set up.

1944 CE

The Jewish Brigade

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Great Britain ruled over the land of Israel 1918 CE - 1948 CE

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Jewish Events:

World Events:

1939-1945 CE

World Word II: Nazis and their allies exterminate 6 million Jews. The British restrict Jewish immigration to the Palestine Mandate.

1947 CE

On November 29th the UN General Assembly voted on resolution 181, adopting a plan to partition the British Mandate into two states, one Jewish, one Arab. The Jewish side accepted the UN plan ,the Arabs rejected it and launched a war against The Jewish State.

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Declaration of the State of Israel 1948 CE

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Jewish Events:

1948 CE

On May 14th Israel was officially declared an independent state with David Ben - Gurion as the Prime Minister.

solution

1. Drag the images: Place each image on the timeline according to its correct date. 2. Verify your answers: After positioning the images, click the solution button to review your choices. 3. Zoom In: Tap on any image to enlarge it for a closer look. 4. Discover fascinating facts: Tap the plus symbol next to each photo to uncover fascinating historical insights. Curious for more? Tap the to dive into even more fascinating info, YouTube links, and extra content!

START

Write a great headline

Has a WOW effect. Very WOW.

Link the photos to their historical milestones, uncover the history behind them, and unlock the stories they tell on a journey through time.

1909

Write a great headline

Measure results and experiment.

START

Drag the image to the correct date

BLUEPRINT

Activate and surprise your audience.

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You Have Journeyed Through Centuries - From Sacred Scrolls To Monumental Milestones.

132

637 1776

Now, The Ultimate Side By Side Timeline Of Jewish And World History Culminates In A Timeless Legacy - A Journey To Treasure Forever, And Yours To Share!

1897

1921

1936

1939-1945

1948

1919-1923 CE

1920 CE

HAGANAH הַהֲגָנָה

THIRD ALIYA

The Third Aliyah was, in many respects, a continuation of the Second Aliyah, which was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I (1914-1918). The Third Aliyah members were mostly young people who immigrated together within the framework of organizations such as "Hechaluts" in Russia and Poland and the "Hashomer Hatzair" movement in Galicia. The people of the third aliyah continued the work of the people of the second aliyah and founded new institutions, bodies and forms of settlement. Among other things, they founded the "General Workers' Union", took part in the establishment of the "Hagana" organization, and their work in the field of construction and road construction laid the foundation for Hebrew industry. Alongside this work, the people of the third aliyah continued to strengthen the Jewish agricultural infrastructure and even established new forms of settlement - the kibbutz.

The "Hagana" הַהֲגָנָה (Hebrew Defense Organization in Israel) was the primary military force of the Jewish community in the land of Israel and the Zionist movement until it became the IDF in 1948. Founded in 1920, it initially operated under the Labor Federation. For the first 16 years, its focus was on defending settlements and strengthening its force through training, fortifications, and weapon acquisition. However, after the 1936 Arab Revolt, the "Hagana" shifted to more offensive operations beyond the settlements. The Haganah wasn’t just a Jewish self-defense force in Palestine. By World War two it was also an underground railroad, bringing Jews from Europe and the Middle East into Palestine to escape persecution and, ultimately, the Nazis. Following the war the Haganah continued smuggling Jews by the tens of thousands in defiance of British policy, most famously aboard the ship Exodus in 1947. The Haganah’s elite fighting unit, the Palmach, produced many of Israel’s early military heroes.

Third Aliyah Pioneers

The Defense הַהֲגָנָה

1789-1799 CE

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

The three major revolutions in France—1789, 1830, and 1848—shaped the nation's history. The French Revolution of 1789 overthrew the monarchy, ending the ancient régime and leading to the execution of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The Revolution lasted until 1792, at which point the National Assembly abolished the monarchy and declared the First Republic (1792-1799). The Revolution’s early years saw the rise of radical forces, including the Jacobins, who launched the Reign of Terror (1793-1794), executing thousands deemed enemies of the Revolution. This period of violence ended with the execution of Robespierre and paved the way for Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power. The Revolution was inspired by Enlightenment philosophers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau, whose ideas on liberty, equality, and the rights of man fueled the uprising. The rallying cry, "Liberté, égalité, fraternité," became symbolic of the revolution's ideals. In 1830, the July Revolution led to the abdication of Charles X and the rise of Louis-Philippe, but dissatisfaction would erupt again in 1848, culminating in the establishment of the French Second Republic. Each revolution marked a significant shift in French society and politics, propelling the country toward republicanism and inspiring future movements worldwide.

The Storming of the Bastille

132 - 135 CE

BAR KOCHVA REVOLT

The Bar Kokhba revolt, מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא, the third and final major Jewish rebellion against Rome, took place from 132 to 136 CE, following the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE) and the Diaspora Revolt (115–117 CE). Led by Simon bar Kokhba, the revolt was sparked by intense resentment toward Roman rule, particularly after the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple in 70 CE. Initially, the Jews scored significant victories, even establishing an independent state. However, they were ultimately defeated by a powerful Roman force. Emperor Hadrian responded by assembling six full legions, along with auxiliaries and additional troops under the command of Sextus Julius Severus, to launch a devastating military campaign across Judea. In 135 Bar Kokhba was killed during the siege and fall of Betar, the last Jewish stronghold, and the revolt ended with widespread deaths, enslavement, and the forced displacement of Jews.In the aftermath, the Romans imposed severe measures, including religious restrictions and the renaming of Judea as Syria Palaestina in an attempt to sever Jewish ties to their land.

The inscription “Year One of the Redemption of Israel” on a rare coin from the time of the Bar Kochba Revolt, bearing the name of “Eleazar the Priest” and dated to the first year of the revolt (132 CE), has been found in the Judean Desert Cave, by the Israel Antiquities Authority

1924 CE

Foundations of Israeli Academia: The Establishment of Technion (1924)

The history of the Technion begins in 1901, half a century before the establishment of the State of Israel, in the halls of the Stadtcasino Basel, where the Fifth Zionist Congress was unfolding. There, three Jewish intellectuals – philosopher Martin Buber, biochemist and the future first president of Israel Chaim Weizmann, and journalist Berthold Feiwel – brought to the attendees’ attention the necessity of adopting a program of Hebrew culture, including the establishment of an educational institute for engineers to support the development of the future state of Israel. In 1908, the German-Jewish organization Ezrah Association, headed by Dr. Paul Nathan, set out to raise funds toward establishing what is known today as the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology.The Technion, Israel's oldest university, was founded in 1912 under the Ottoman Empire, with classes starting in December 1924 in Haifa. It is a leading institution in engineering, science, and technology. It was clear from the very beginnings of the State of Israel that the Technion would be the nation's backbone as it established its infrastructure, security, and economy – just as the thinkers at the Fifth Zionist Congress had intended

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

1941 CE

Lehi לח״י - was formed

Palmach פלמ״ח the Haganah strike force was set up

Lehi (לח״י), the Fighters for the Freedom of Israel (לוחמי חרות ישראל), often known as the Stern Gang, was a militant Zionist group founded by Avraham ("Yair") Stern. The Lehi split from the Irgun and became more radical. Its goal was to expel the British from the Land of Israel and establish a Jewish homeland. Lehi carried out several attacks, including the 1944 assassination of Lord Moyne. After Israel's establishment, the group was disbanded, and its members were granted amnesty. Yitzhak Shamir, one of its leaders, later became Israel's Prime Minister in the 1980s.

The Palmach, the strike forces, headed by Yigal Alon and Yitzhak Sadeh, was the elite fighting force of the Haganah. The Palmach was established in 1941 while World War II was waging and there was the threat that German forces would conquer the Land of Israel from the south. In June 1941, Palmach fighters served as guides for the British forces that entered Syria. With the advance of the German army in North Africa, from Libya to Egypt and the fear that the Germans might conquer the Land of Israel, the British army helped train and equip six Palmach companies so they would be able to fight the Germans. The cooperation between the British and the Palmach ended at the end of 1942 and from then until the establishment of the State of Israel, the Palmach functioned as an underground army. In order to survive, the members of the organization had to work and train. They lived in camps and kibbutzes, working half the month and training the rest of the month. palmah When World War II ended, the Palmach joined the Haganah’s struggle against the British Mandate. Its people played an important role in the illegal immigration and sailing ships carrying the immigrants to the Land of Israel. With the outbreak of the War of Independence, Palmach forces took part in the defense of isolated settlements and fought to enable freedom of movement of the Jewish Yishuv on the roads of the land. Later, with the establishment of the State of Israel, Palmach soldiers participated in the struggle against Arab terror and in the military preparation before the invasion of Arab armies. On November 7, 1948,the Palmach command was disbanded by order of Prime Minister David Ben Gurion and its brigades became IDF brigades

1520-1625 CE

JEWS IN ISRAEL

1517: Selim I, Ottoman ruler, conquers the Land of Israel and Egypt. 1520: Süleiman the Magnificent, Selim's son, begins a long and peaceful 46-year reign. 1522: Jewish traveler Moshe Basula notes the four cities where Jews are allowed to settle: Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias, and Safed. 1535: Jewish scholars in Safed initiate the mysticism movement, with significant contributions from figures like the Ari (Isaac Luria). Safed becomes a center of Jewish learning, known for its old cemetery and synagogues. 1540: Süleiman the Magnificent rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem, which still stand today, including its gates. 1553: Dona Gracia Nasi is granted the right to establish Tiberias as a Jewish autonomous city. After the Ottoman conquest of Jerusalem in 1517, the Ottomans began rebuilding the city. One of Sultan Suleiman's greatest projects was the restoration of the walls of Jerusalem. These are the same walls that surround Jerusalem today. He also encouraged Jewish settlement, particularly by Jews expelled from Spain. This allowed more Jews to visit Jerusalem, and the Western Wall was officially recognized as a Jewish prayer site. In the 16th century, prominent Sephardic scholars, such as Rabbi Abraham Ben Eliezer Halevi and Rabbi Yaakov Birbur, played a key role in the Jewish community of Jerusalem, while the Western Wall became a significant symbol for Jews in the Diaspora. In 1540, Rabbi Malkiel Ashkenazi purchased land in Hebron and established a synagogue there, further strengthening Jewish presence in the area. The Avraham Avinu synagogue is located in Hebron. It was first established in the 16th century and was destroyed during the 1929 Hebron riots, which occurred from August 23 to August 24, 1929. The riots in Hebron were led by local Arab leaders. The primary instigator was the Arab leader, Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, who played a major role in inciting anti-Jewish sentiment across Palestine. The violent mob in Hebron attacked the Jewish community, resulting in the murder of 67 Jewish residents, the destruction of Jewish homes, and the desecration of synagogues, including the Avraham Avinu synagogue.After the establishment of Kiryat Arba in the 1970s, the ruins of the synagogue were uncovered by Professor Ben Zion Tavger. Following this discovery, efforts were made to restore the synagogue, and it was eventually reopened for prayer.

Jerusalem's Old City wals

1933

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Memorial to slain rabbinical students in the Hebron Old Jewish Cemetery.

Shlomo Slonim, 1.5 years old, with his aunt, sole survivor of his immediate family. Photo: The Central Zionist Archives

Top-left, clockwise: Shlomo Slonim, 1.5 years old, crying from wounds

A survivor reflecting on the massacre.

Holy Ark of the Avraham Sephardi Synagogue ransacked

Kolstein family recovering from injuries.

1929-1939 CE

The Fifth Aliya

The Fifth Aliyah, which took place from 1929 until the outbreak of World War II, saw over 250,000 immigrants arriving in Israel from across Europe, particularly from Central and Western European countries. While the initial wave was motivated by national aspirations, immigration surged after Hitler’s rise to power in 1933. Between 1933 and 1936, over 160,000 Jews immigrated legally, with thousands more entering "illegally." The influx was part of the larger Yekim (The German) Aliyah (1931-1939), which resumed under High Commissioner Arthur Wauchope's term. Driven primarily by the rise of anti-Semitism in Germany and other European nations like Poland and Romania, and the economic hardships of the Great Depression, these immigrants sought refuge in Israel, which was experiencing economic prosperity. Most settled in cities such as Tel Aviv, contributing significantly to their growth. Many of these immigrants had professional backgrounds, including musicians who founded the Philharmonic Orchestra, doctors, and academics. While many focused on urban development, some also joined agricultural settlements and kibbutzim. The influx of immigrants boosted the Jewish population to around 475,000 by the eve of World War II, making up about 40% of the population in what would later become Israel. Despite their rich cultural backgrounds, including Western values and professional know-how, the absorption of these immigrants was not without challenge, as there were language barriers and cultural differences between the new immigrants and the existing population. Nonetheless, this period of immigration had a profound impact on the demographic, cultural, and economic development of the land of Israel. Additionally, between 1934 and 1939, a group of about 5,000 young people, many of whom were orphans, immigrated to Israel as part of a rescue and education mission known as Youth Aliyah. Initiated by Recha Freier and carried out by Henrietta Szold, the mission aimed to provide safety and education to these youth. Most were absorbed into kibbutzim and working moshavs, where they received training before joining movements such as Shomer Hatzair, Hanoar Haoved V’lomed, and Bnei Akiva, and helped establish new settlements.

1564-1616 CE

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

William Shakespeare (c. 1564 - 1616) was an English playwright, poet, actor, and theater entrepreneur during the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras. Often referred to as England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon," Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and one of the most influential figures in world literature. His works, which include iconic plays such as Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet, are celebrated for their profound exploration of human nature, complex characters, and timeless themes. Shakespeare's literary legacy includes 39 plays, 154 sonnets, and numerous poems. He is often considered the greatest dramatist of all time, with his works translated into every major language and performed more often than those of any other playwright. His influence extends far beyond the stage, shaping literature, theater, and even modern English itself.

William Shakespeare's First Folio: The Iconic 1623 Title Page

1313 BCE-1276 BCE

THE EXODUS OF THE ISRAELITES FROM EGYPT

Exodus, the liberation of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt in the 13th century BCE, under the leadership of Moses.The Exodus Happened on the 15th day of Nissan in the Year 2448 of the Jewish Calendar (1313 BCE), Passover begins on the 15th day of the Hebrew month of Nissan.

1939-1945

Timeline of the Holocaust 1933-1945

1938 March 13 Anschluss (incorporation of Austria): all antisemitic decrees immediately applied in Austria April 26 Mandatory registration of all property held by Jews inside the Reich July 6 Evian Conference held in Evian, France on the problem of Jewish refugees August 1 Adolf Eichmann establishes the Office of Jewish Emigration in Vienna to increase the pace of forced emigration August 3 Italy enacts sweeping antisemitic laws September 30 Munich Conference: Great Britain and France agree to German occupation of the Sudetenland, previously western Czechoslovakia October 5 Following request by Swiss authorities, Germans mark all Jewish passports with a large letter "J" to restrict Jews from immigrating to Switzerland October 28 17,000 Polish Jews living in Germany expelled; Poles refused to admit them; 8,000 are stranded in the frontier village of Zbaszyn November 7 Assassination in Paris of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan November 9-10 Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass): anti-Jewish pogrom in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland; 200 synagogues destroyed; 7,500 Jewish shops looted; 30,000 male Jews sent to concentration camps (Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen) November 12 Decree forcing all Jews to transfer retail businesses to Aryan hands November 15 All Jewish pupils expelled from German schools December 12 One billion Marks fine levied against German Jews for the destruction of property during Kristallnacht 1939 January 30 Hitler in Reichstag speech: "if war erupts it will mean the Vernichtung (extermination) of European Jews" March 15 Germans occupy Czechoslovakia August 23 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed: non-aggression pact between Soviet Union and Germany September 1 Beginning of World War II: Germany invades Poland September 21 Heydrich issues directives to establish ghettos in German-occupied Poland October 12 Germany begins deportation of Austrian and Czech Jews to Poland October 28 First Polish ghetto established in Piotrkó November 23 Jews in German-occupied Poland forced to wear an arm band or yellow star

1940 April 9 Germans occupy Denmark and southern Norway May 7 Lodz Ghetto (Litzmannstadt) sealed: 165,000 people in 1.6 square miles May 10 Germany invades the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France May 20 Concentration camp established at Auschwitz June 22 France surrenders August 8 Battle of Britain begins September 27 Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis November 16 Warsaw Ghetto sealed: ultimately contained 500,000 people 1941 January 21-26 Anti-Jewish riots in Romania, led by the Iron Guard (Romanian fascist organization); hundreds of Jews butchered February 1 German authorities begin rounding up Polish Jews for transfer to Warsaw Ghetto March Adolf Eichmann appointed head of the department for Jewish affairs of the Reich Security Main Office (Gestapo), Section IV B 4. April 6 Germany attacks Yugoslavia and Greece; occupation follows June 22 Germany invades the Soviet Union July 31 Heydrich appointed by Göring to implement the "Final Solution" September 1 German Jews required to wear yellow star of David with the word "Jude" September 28-29 34,000 Jews massacred at Babi Yar outside Kiev October Establishment of Auschwitz II (Birkenau) for the extermination of Jews; Gypsies, Poles, Russians, and others were also murdered at the camp December 7 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor December 8 Chelmno (Kulmhof) extermination camp begins operations: 340,000 Jews, 20,000 Poles and Czechs murdered by April 1943 December 11 United States declares war on Japan and Germany

1933 January 30 Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany March 22 Dachau concentration camp opens April 1 Boycott of Jewish shops and businesses April 7 Laws for Reestablishment of the Civil Service barred Jews from holding civil service, university, and state positions April 26 Gestapo established May 10 Public burning of books written by Jews, political dissidents, and others not approved by the state July 14 Law stripping East European Jewish immigrants of German citizenship 1934 August 2 Hitler proclaims himself Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Reich Chancellor). Armed forces must now swear allegiance to him 1935 May 31 Jews barred from serving in the German armed forces September 15 "Nuremberg Laws": anti-Jewish racial laws enacted; Jews no longer considered German citizens; Jews could not marry Aryans; nor could they fly the German flag November 15 Germany defines a "Jew": anyone with three Jewish grandparents; someone with two Jewish grandparents who identifies as a Jew 1936 March 3 Jewish doctors barred from practicing medicine in German institutions March 7 Germans march into the Rhineland, previously demilitarized by the Versailles Treaty June 17 Himmler appointed the Chief of German Police July Sachsenhausen concentration camp opens October 25 Hitler and Mussolini form Rome-Berlin Axis 1937 July 15 Buchenwald concentration camp opens

1481-1492CE

Initiation of the Spanish Inquisition & the 1492 CE Alhambra Decree

Jews had lived in Iberia since the early centuries of the Common Era, thriving under Muslim rule from the 8th century. During this "Golden Age" of Spanish Jewry, Jews made significant contributions to science, medicine, philosophy, and poetry, and held influential roles in the court, academia, and commerce. As the Christian Reconquista progressed, Jews faced increasing persecution. Christian monarchs imposed forced conversions, social exclusion, and spread false blood libel accusations, accusing Jews of ritual murder. In 1391, violent pogroms erupted across Spain, leading to one of the most brutal waves of anti-Jewish violence in Spanish history. The violence began in Seville and quickly spread to other cities, such as Toledo, Córdoba, and Barcelona, with mobs attacking Jewish communities, looting homes, and burning synagogues. Thousands of Jews were killed, while many others were forced to convert to Christianity under threat of death. This marked a turning point for Spanish Jewry, as the pogroms shattered the once-thriving Jewish communities in Spain. The conversions were often coerced, and Jews who chose to convert were subjected to harsh scrutiny. Those who converted became known as "New Christians" or Anusim, though many continued to practice Judaism in secret. The Inquisition was a church court established in 1231 by Pope Gregory IX to eliminate heresy, initially targeting the Albigensians and later other groups, including Jews who had converted to Christianity. Its legal foundation stemmed from Pope Lucius III's 1184 edict, with further legislation at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). Inquisitors, mainly Dominicans and Franciscans, investigated suspected heretics, often using torture and secret testimony. Convicted heretics faced punishments ranging from flogging to execution, and their property was seized. In Spain, Catholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile established a separate Inquisition targeting Jewish converts (Conversos), using torture and public executions. The Spanish Inquisition was officially established in 1480, and its activities intensified particularly after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 under the Alhambra Decree. The Inquisition spread to Spanish colonies and was abolished in 1834.

Alhambra Decree

1909 CE

TEL AVIV

Tel Aviv-Yafo, תל אביב יפו founded in 1909, began as a suburb of the ancient port city of Jaffa. Initially named Ahuzat Bayit, it was later renamed Tel Aviv, inspired by the biblical "Tel Aviv ("Tell of Spring") in reference to a novel by Theodor Herzl. Created by Jewish families seeking a modern urban center, Tel Aviv grew into Israel's economic and cultural hub. It played a vital role in the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and is now known for its thriving nightlife, beautiful beaches, and innovative start-up scene. The city's name, meaning "Spring Mound," symbolizes renewal and growth. The founding of Tel Aviv was the result of the efforts of a group of Jewish pioneers and Zionists. While it wasn’t a single person, several key figures played a significant role in the establishment of the city. Here are some of the notable individuals from the Ahuzat Bayit association and the early Jewish community who helped lay the foundation for Tel Aviv: *Meir Dizengoff: One of the prominent leaders of the group and later the first mayor of Tel Aviv. Dizengoff was instrumental in the creation of the city and became one of its most important figures. He worked on a variety of civic and cultural projects throughout his life in Tel Aviv.  * Nahum Sokolow: A prominent Zionist leader, journalist, and writer. Sokolow was deeply involved in the early Zionist movement and is credited with suggesting the name "Tel Aviv," which was inspired by the biblical reference Tel Aviv from Theodor Herzl’s novel Altneuland.   * Abraham Zvi Hirschberg: A key figure among the early residents of Ahuzat Bayit, Hirschberg was involved in both the establishment and the planning of Tel Aviv. He contributed to the development of the neighborhood's infrastructure..

The Birth of Tel Aviv: Land Lottery of 1909.

1882-1903 CE

JEWS RETURN TO ISRAEL IN THE FIRST ALIYAH

The First Aliyah, which took place between 1882 and 1903, was the first large-scale wave of Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel in over 2,000 years. About 30,000 Jews from Eastern Europe and Yemen moved to the area, driven by violent pogroms and growing nationalism. They established agricultural settlements known as moshavot, including Rishon Lezion and Zichron Yaacov, laying the groundwork for the New Yishuv, the modern Jewish community in Israel. This wave marked the beginning of a shift in Jewish identity, with the ideal of the "New Jew"—a strong, self-reliant individual—emerging. The First Aliyah's success in building independent agricultural communities contributed significantly to the development of a Jewish state. The First Aliyah (1882-1903) was a transformative period in Jewish history, and several prominent individuals played key roles during this time: 1. Baron Edmond James de Rothschild – A French-Jewish philanthropist who supported the First Aliyah, particularly through funding agricultural settlements. He was instrumental in the establishment of settlements like Rishon Lezion and Zichron Yaacov. 2. Theodor Herzl – Often considered the father of modern Zionism, Herzl's vision for a Jewish state gained traction during this period. His efforts, though more prominent in the Second Aliyah, began to influence the Zionist movement in the late 19th century. 3. Max Nordau – A key leader in the Zionist movement, Nordau was a close associate of Herzl. He promoted the idea of physical and cultural rejuvenation for Jews, which aligned with the "New Jew" ideal that emerged during the First Aliyah. 4. Yitzhak Ben-Zvi – A key figure in the early Zionist movement, Ben-Zvi immigrated during the First Aliyah and later became the second president of Israel. He contributed to the development of Jewish settlements in the Land of Israel. 5. David Ben-Gurion – Though he arrived during the Second Aliyah, Ben-Gurion's early work in establishing agricultural settlements and his role in the Zionist leadership make him a significant figure in the broader context of the First Aliyah's impact on Israeli society. These individuals, along with many others, shaped the ideological and practical foundations of Jewish settlement in Israel during this critical period.

Great Synagogue of Rishon LeZion, founded in 1885

photp 1910-1924

1969

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SOLOMON'S KINGDOM

37-4 BCE

HEROD the great - ROMAN VASSAL KING

Herod (born 73 BCE—died March/April, 4 BCE, Jericho, Judaea) had served as the governor of Galilee since 47 BCE. He became known as Herod the Great after being appointed king of Judaea by the Roman Empire in 37 BCE. The Senate granted him an army to defend against a Parthian invasion, and his reign lasted until his death in 4 BCE. Herod's father, Antipater, was an Edomite who converted to Judaism in the 2nd century BCE. Antipater was a man of great influence and wealth, which he further increased by marrying the daughter of a noble from Petra. When Pompey (106–48 BCE) invaded Judea in 63 BCE, Antipater supported the Roman campaign, beginning a long association between the family and Rome. This relationship would later benefit both Antipater and Herod. In 47 BCE, Julius Caesar appointed Antipater procurator of Judaea and granted him Roman citizenship, a privilege that was passed on to Herod and his descendants. Herod's political career began in the same year when his father appointed him governor of Galilee. In 40 BCE, when the Parthians invaded Israel and civil war broke out, Herod was forced to flee to Rome. There, the Roman Senate nominated him king of Judaea and provided him with an army to reclaim his kingdom. By 37 BCE, at the age of 36, Herod had successfully become the unchallenged ruler of Judaea, a position he would hold for 32 years. Herod was a great builder who endowed his realm with massive fortresses and splendid cities. His two greatest constructions were largely pagan foundations: the port of Caesarea and Herodium in the Judaean desert. His most grandiose achievement, however, was the reconstruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem.

Herod the Great, the Roman-appointed king of Judea, 4 CE

1328 CE

The Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton

The Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton was a peace agreement signed in 1328 between the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, marking the end of the First War of Scottish Independence, which had begun with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296. The treaty was signed in Edinburgh on 17 March 1328 by Robert the Bruce, King of Scots, and ratified by the Parliament of England on 1 May 1328, in Northampton. The terms of the treaty stipulated that, in exchange for £20,000 sterling, the English Crown would recognize: The Kingdom of Scotland as fully independent; Robert the Bruce, and his heirs and successors, as the rightful rulers of Scotland; The border between Scotland and England as it had been recognized during the reign of Alexander III (1249–1286). One of two copies of the treaty, written in French, is held by the National Archives of Scotland in Edinburgh. However, this document does not represent the entire peace agreement, which was contained in several indentures, notarial instruments, and letters patent issued by Edward III and Robert I. Since none of these have survived, not all details of the peace treaty are known.

The Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton, 1328

National Records of Scotland reference SP6/1

1558 CE

TIBERIUS AS A CENTER OF JEWISH LIFE

Jews began settling in Tiberias in the 16th century. A Christian traveler found a small Jewish community in Tiberias in 1549, likely Jews from Safed who had moved to Tiberias after the major earthquake of 1546. The reconstruction of Tiberias after the earthquake began in 1564 under the leadership of the Jewish businesswoman and stateswoman, Dona Gracia Nasi, and her husband, Don Yosef Nasi, both from Portugal. They were committed to renewing Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel and assisting Jews worldwide. They leased the ruins of the city from the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent for 1,000 ducats per year. Dona Gracia financed the rebuilding of the city's walls, established synagogues, and supported a yeshiva. Don Yosef Nasi provided ships for Jewish immigrants and introduced mulberry trees to develop the silk industry, along with maroon sheep to support the textile industry. Dona Gracia intended to settle in the city, but she passed away on her way to Tiberias in Constantinople in 1569, shortly after the completion of the reconstruction. Their project was continued by a Portuguese Jew named Don Shlomo Ben Yishuvenu Yaakov. Thanks to their efforts, Tiberias thrived for about a century.

Nahum Gutman's Tiberias Landscape

1936 CE

THE ISRAEL PHILHARMONIC ORCHESTRA

In 1936, violinist Bronisław Huberman founded the Palestine Symphony Orchestra, which would later become the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, to support Jewish musicians displaced by the Nazis. That year, he convinced renowned conductor Arturo Toscanini to lead the orchestra’s inaugural concert. Toscanini, a staunch opponent of Fascism and the Nazi regime, had previously protested the rise of the Nazis and was honored by Jewish communities for his stance. He agreed to conduct the orchestra's opening performance on December 26, 1936, drawing attention to the new venture and attracting more musicians. Toscanini arrived in Palestine in December 1936, where he was greeted by Huberman and Chaim Weizmann, and immediately began rehearsals. His visit also included meeting Jewish refugees and participating in a tree planting ceremony. He returned in 1938 to conduct more concerts during a period of intense unrest, as the region was experiencing the Arab riots. His support of the Palestine Philharmonic was a significant contribution to the orchestra's foundation and success.

Arturo Toscanini (left) and Bronislaw Huberman on Stage After the First Palestine Symphony Concert, 1936. Photo Credit: Felicja Music Center Library/Huberman Archive, as seen in 'Orchestra of the Exiles,' a film by Josh Aronson.

1939-1945

wORLD WAR II

November 1943: The Big Three Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin,meet in Tehran, Iran, for the first time to discuss strategy. December 1943: Eisenhower is named supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force. February 1944: U.S. bombers attack German aircraft production centers. May 30, 1944: The Allied invasion of France begins with Operation Overlord. June 4, 1944: The Allies capture Rome, Italy. June 5, 1944: Paratroopers land in France as part of Overlord. June 6, 1944: D-Day: Over 160,000 Allied troops land in Normandy . July 1944: The Allies capture Cherbourg, though it is heavily damaged by the retreating Germans. August 1944: Paris is liberated after four years of German occupation, with help from French resistance. December 16, 1944: The Battle of the Bulge begins as German troops push into Allied lines. January 1945: The Battle of the Bulge ends with heavy casualties but the Allies regain lost territory. February 4-11, 1945: The Big Three Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Yalta, setting the stage for the Cold War. March 1945: U.S. forces cross the Rhine River, and Germany retreats. April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide as Soviet forces approach Berlin. May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders to the Allies.

September 1939: World War II begins when Germany invades Poland using blitzkrieg tactics. Britain and France declare war after failed negotiations. May 1940: Germany invades Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Winston Churchill replaces Neville Chamberlain as British prime minister. June 1940: Germany captures Paris, and France surrenders. Hitler forces the surrender in the same railroad car used for the 1918 armistice. July 10, 1940: The Battle of Britain begins, with Britain resisting heavy German bombings until Germany's first defeat by October. March 1941: The U.S. passes the Lend-Lease Act, allowing the sale or loan of war materials to vital countries. July 1941: Roosevelt freezes German and Italian assets in the U.S. August 1941: Roosevelt and Churchill unveil the Atlantic Charter, outlining goals for defeating Nazi tyranny. December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, leading the U.S. to declare war on Japan. Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. January 1942: U.S. troops arrive in Europe, with troop numbers rising sharply by 1944. August 1942: The Battle of Stalingrad begins; after six months, Germany retreats, marking a turning point. January 1943: Roosevelt and Churchill meet at Casablanca to demand the Axis powers' unconditional surrender. May 1943: Allied forces defeat German Field Marshal Rommel in North Africa. une 1943: Eisenhower is appointed commander of U.S. forces in Europe. July-September 1943: The Allies capture Sicily and key parts of southern Italy, overthrowing Mussolini.

World War II Memorial Washington DC

1600-1700 CE

Scientific revolutions

The Scientific Revolution was a transformative period that shifted Europe from medieval beliefs to an evidence-based approach to science. Key figures such as Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Bacon, and Newton challenged old views, laying the foundation for modern physics and astronomy. This era introduced the scientific method, critical thinking, and the idea that scientific progress enhances our understanding of nature. It also saw the creation of institutions like the Royal Society (1662) and the Académie des Sciences (1666), which further advanced scientific knowledge. A prime example of this shift is Newton's laws of motion, three physical laws he formulated to describe the motion of objects. These laws form the foundation of classical mechanics. Newton first published them in his book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) and used them to prove many results concerning idealized objects, employing the calculus he developed for this purpose.

Isaac Newton

2019

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1925

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2019

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1861-1865 CE

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865) was a conflict between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"). The primary issue was the expansion of slavery into western territories. The South wanted to expand slavery to maintain its plantation-based economy, which relied heavily on slave labor for crops like cotton and tobacco. They believed that extending slavery into new territories would increase their political power, as new slave states would give them more representation in Congress. The North opposed this, fearing it would strengthen and perpetuate slavery across the nation. The war began after Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the expansion of slavery, won the 1860 presidential election. In response, seven Southern states seceded and formed the Confederacy. On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy bombarded Fort Sumter in South Carolina, marking the start of the war. Over the next four years, the Union, led by Lincoln, fought to preserve the nation, while the Confederacy, led by Jefferson Davis, fought to maintain their independence and way of life. The war ended with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 made it clear that the end of the war would also end slavery in the U.S., which set the stage for the Reconstruction era and a long struggle for civil rights.

BLUE - Union States, RED - Confederate States

1914 CE

wORLD WAR I

World War I, lasting from July 28, 1914, to November 11, 1918, was fought between the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) and the Allied Powers (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States). The war began after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914, an event that ignited tensions across Europe. Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his death at the hands of a Serbian nationalist was the catalyst for the war. The United States entered the conflict in April 1917 after German unrestricted submarine warfare targeted American ships and the interception of the Zimmermann Telegram, which revealed German efforts to incite Mexico to join the war against the U.S. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers, leading to the fall of four empires (German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman). It sparked the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (1917) and laid the groundwork for World War II due to the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles (1919). Over 17 million people died, and the war significantly reshaped global politics and society.

1901 CE

JEWISH NATIONAL FUNDS

The Jewish National Fund (JNF) Keren Kayemet LeYisrae was established at the Fifth Zionist Congress (1901) as an organization intended to be used to purchase lands that would be "in the eternal possession of the Jewish people." The JNF, which was established as an organization fully owned by the World Zionist Organization, belongs to the Jewish people and serves as their trustee for lands purchased over the course of a century. The development and settlement of KKL-JNF lands are a direct continuation of the Israeli Law of Return. Before the establishment of the state, KKL-JNF purchased approximately one million dunams of land with funds donated by Jews from Israel and around the world.

Pushke Box: Fostering Community and Philanthropy for the Jewish National Fund

1000 BCE

KING DAVID

A 3,000-year-old seal from the time of King David was found by a 10-year-old volunteer at Jerusalem’s Temple Mount Sifting Project. Led by Dr. Gabriel Barkay, the project has uncovered hundreds of ancient artifacts, supporting biblical accounts of early Jerusalem. New technologies help date the finds, with over 500,000 still awaiting analysis.

The rare stone seal unearthed by the Temple Mount Sifting Project dating to the 10th century BCE. photo credit: Zeev Radovan and Zachi Dvira

1500 CE

TZFAT

The name "Tzfat" צְפַת is believed to derive from the word "l'tzpot" — to gaze out — or "l'tzapot" — to expect. Tzfat is located in the northern part of Israel, in the Upper Galilee region, at the foot of Mount Meron. According to archaeologists, Tzfat is the only location in the Land of Israel that has had an almost uninterrupted Jewish presence since the time of the Maccabees. It was during the 15th and 16th centuries that Tzfat became recognized as one of the four holy cities of Israel, the "City of Kabbalah." The others are Jerusalem, as the home of the Temple; Tiberias, as the city where the Mishna was compiled; and Hebron, as the home of the Cave of Machpelah, the resting place of the matriarchs and patriarchs. After the Spanish Expulsion, as Jews became more dispersed, the Jewish religious leadership worried that the laws and strictures of Judaism would be forgotten. To codify Jewish law, Rabbi Yosef Caro wrote the "Shulchan Aruch" ("Code of Jewish Law"). This book is considered the practical guide to Jewish law and is the most widely consulted of the various legal codes in Judaism. Rabbi Alkabetz wrote "Lecha Dodi," the traditional hymn sung by Jews worldwide during the Kabbalat Shabbat service. When Rabbi Yitzhak Luria (the ARI) came to Tzfat, he instituted the custom of beginning Shabbat with the Kabbalat Shabbat ceremony, singing "Lecha Dodi" and other psalms to welcome the Sabbath. Other customs that originated in Tzfat and are now established in the Jewish world include the tradition of staying awake on Shavuot night to study Torah (Tikkun Leil Shavuot) and the Tu B'Shvat Seder ceremony. Both of these customs were derived from Jewish mysticism by the ARI.

Shalom From Tzfat by: Yom Tov Blmenthal

129-63 BCE

Jewish Independence under Hasmonean monarchy

As the Seleucid Empire weakened due to internal conflicts and external pressures (such as Roman expansion), the Hasmoneans gained full autonomy. They expanded their territory to include Perea, Samaria, Idumea, Galilee, and Iturea. The Hasmonean rulers adopted the Greek title "basileus" (meaning "king"), elevating their kingdom into a regional power for several decades

Hasmonean coins. The power to mint coins was an important marker of economic and political independence

20 CE

TIBERIUS

Tiberias (טבריה) was founded around 20 CE by Herod Antipas and was named after the Roman emperor Tiberius. It became a major political and religious hub for Jews in the Land of Israel after the destruction of Jerusalem and the devastation of Judea during the Jewish–Roman wars. From the 2nd through the 10th centuries CE, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in Galilee, and much of the Mishnah and the Jerusalem Talmud were compiled there.The Mishnah (מִשְׁנָה), meaning "study by repetition" from the verb שנה (šānā, "to study and review"), is the first written collection of Jewish oral traditions, collectively known as the Oral Torah.The Jerusalem Talmud (תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשַׁלְמִי, Talmud Yerushalmi) is a compilation of rabbinic discussions on the second-century Jewish oral tradition, the Mishnah. It predates its counterpart, the Babylonian Talmud (Talmud Bavli), by about a century. Notable Jewish figures associated with the history of Tiberias include:* Rabbi Akiva, a leading rabbi of the 2nd century CE, was born in Tiberias. * Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, the compiler of the Mishnah, lived in Tiberias during the 3rd century CE.* Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, a prominent rabbi of the 1st century CE, established a yeshiva in Tiberias after the destruction of the Second Temple.* Maimonides, the renowned Jewish philosopher and physician, passed away in Tiberias in 1204

Stone menorah, Hammat Tiberias Synagogue 4th-5th century CE Photo: the Israel Museum.

Stone menorah from the ancient Hammat Tiberias Synagogue 4th-5th century CE Photo courtesy of the Israel Museum.

Hammat Tiberias Synagogue Mosaic, 4th century CE

1933

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The history of the Technion begins in 1901, half a century before the establishment of the State of Israel, in the halls of the Stadtcasino Basel, where the Fifth Zionist Congress was unfolding. There, three Jewish intellectuals – philosopher Martin Buber, biochemist and the future first president of Israel Chaim Weizmann, and journalist Berthold Feiwel – brought to the attendees’ attention the necessity of adopting a program of Hebrew culture, including the establishment of an educational institute for engineers to support the development of the future state of Israel. In 1908, the German-Jewish organization Ezrah Association, headed by Dr. Paul Nathan, set out to raise funds toward establishing what is known today as the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. The Technion, Israel's oldest university, was founded in 1912 under the Ottoman Empire, with classes starting in December 1924 in Haifa. It is a leading institution in engineering, science, and technology. It was clear from the very beginnings of the State of Israel that the Technion would be the nation’s backbone as it established its infrastructure, security, and economy – just as the thinkers at the Fifth Zionist Congress had intended.

1936-1939 CE

THE ARAB REVOLT מאורעות תרצ"ו–תרצ"ט

The Arab Revolt מאורעות תרצ"ו–תרצ"ט that took place between 1936 and 1939 was one of the most significant and influential events during the British Mandate period. The revolt was largely a response to increasing unrest among the Arab population, driven by fears surrounding the growing waves of Jewish immigration. Many Arabs perceived these developments as an existential threat to their political, cultural, and economic stability. Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem supported the revolt and used his political and religious influence to rally opposition against both the British mandate and the increasing Jewish immigration.The armed revolt, which spread across the entire Arab population, was also aimed at the British authorities. Arabs believed that the British were sympathetic to the Zionist cause and were facilitating the establishment of a Jewish homeland. While the revolt ultimately failed militarily, it led to some notable political outcomes, the most significant of which was the issuance of the White Paper of 1939.The White Paper was a policy document issued by the British government, which marked a shift in British policy towards the situation. It restricted Jewish immigration to the land of Israel, setting a cap of 75,000 Jewish immigrants over the next five years, and also placed significant limitations on land sales to Jews. This was seen as a direct response to the Arab demands and the increasing tensions between the Arab and Jewish communities. The White Paper was an attempt by the British to appease Arab concerns and quell the unrest, though it was met with mixed reactions. The Zionist movement rejected the document, viewing it as a betrayal of the Balfour Declaration, which had promised support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Israel.

A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to protect passengers against rocks and grenades thrown by Arabs.

1776 CE

USA Declaration of Independence

The Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, a momentous day that marked the colonies' official break from Great Britain. This historic event was the culmination of a series of decisions and debates leading up to that moment. Although the portion of the Lee Resolution concerning independence was not adopted until July 2, Congress had appointed a five-member committee on June 10 to draft a statement of independence for the colonies. The committee included Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman. Jefferson, widely regarded as one of the most eloquent writers of the time, was tasked with drafting the initial document. Jefferson wrote the draft between June 11 and 28, submitting it to Adams and Franklin for review. Adams, a strong advocate for independence, and Franklin, a seasoned diplomat, made some revisions, so after the independence section of the Lee Resolution was adopted on July 2, Jefferson presented the revised draft to Congress. Interestingly, Jefferson's original draft included a stronger condemnation of slavery, but this section was removed due to opposition from delegates from Southern colonies, where slavery was a significant institution. The revision process took all of July 3 and most of July 4, and the final document was approved with only minor changes. The Declaration's adoption in the afternoon of July 4 marked the beginning of a new chapter in American history. While the signing didn't begin until August 2, the Declaration’s adoption made it clear that the colonies were united in their resolve to be free from British rule. It's principles of liberty, equality, and the right to self-governance continue to inspire nations around the world to this day.

USA Declaration of Independence

1933

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1969

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1925

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1898 CE

THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

The Spanish-American War of 1898 ended Spain's colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere and established the United States as a Pacific power. Following a U.S. victory, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the U.S. and recognized Cuba's independence. The U.S. also annexed Hawaii during the conflict. The war was triggered by U.S. support for Cuba's fight for independence and the explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor. The U.S. declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898, with the declaration backdated to April 21. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, which resulted in the U.S. gaining new territories. The acquisition of the Philippines led to the Philippine-American War (1899–1902).

Spanish-American war, Camp Meade Pennsylvania. 1898

Rhode Island Infantry. 1st reg't, 1898-1899. (from old catalog)

1894 CE

DREYFUS AFFAIR

The Dreyfus Affair began on October 15, 1894, when Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery captain, was falsely accused of passing military secrets to Germany. After a dubious handwriting test, he was arrested and convicted of treason, despite a lack of evidence. Publicly humiliated, he was stripped of his rank and exiled to the harsh Devil's Island prison. After enduring years of solitary confinement, Dreyfus was brought to trial again in 1899. Despite the lack of new evidence, he was convicted once more. However, in the same year, Dreyfus was granted a pardon by the French president, which allowed him to return to France and be reunited with his family after years of wrongful imprisonment. Although he was pardoned, his conviction was not officially overturned until 1906, when the French Court of Cassation annulled the charges against him, finally declaring him innocent of all accusations. False Evidence and Betrayal: Dreyfus’s conviction was based on fabricated evidence, including a forged document called the "bordereau," which was said to contain military secrets he had supposedly passed to the Germans. The true culprit, Ferdinand Esterhazy, a fellow officer, was later identified, yet Dreyfus remained imprisoned. The Role of Emile Zola: In 1898, the renowned French writer Emile Zola became a vocal advocate for Dreyfus. He published an open letter titled J'Accuse…! in which he accused the French government and military of covering up the true culprit and framing Dreyfus. Zola's letter ignited public outrage and played a crucial role in shifting public opinion in Dreyfus's favor. Anti-Semitism: A key factor in Dreyfus’s conviction was the pervasive anti-Semitism of the time. His Jewish heritage made him a convenient scapegoat, and many of his accusers were motivated by hatred for Jews, despite the lack of any supporting evidence. Later Developments: Dreyfus was eventually reinstated in the army and went on to serve during World War I. He was promoted to the rank of major and fought bravely. In 1906, the French Court of Cassation annulled his conviction, and he was officially declared innocent.

Alfred Dreyfus stripped of his rank, illustration published in the Petit Journal, 13 January 1895 .

National Library of France, Paris.

1679 CE

The Mawza Exile גלות מוזע

The Mawza Exile גלות מוזע, 1679–1680 is regarded as one of the most traumatic events in the history of Yemen’s Jewish community. During this period, nearly all Jewish populations across Yemen were expelled by the decree of King Imām al-Mahdi Ahmad and forced to endure the harsh conditions of the desolate Mawzaʻ region, where they faced a grim fate or death. A few communities, specifically those in the eastern parts of Yemen (Nihm, al-Jawf, and Khawlan), were exempt from this exile, thanks to the protection of their Arab patrons who defied the king’s orders. Many Jews perished along the journey or succumbed to the extreme heat and barren environment of Mawzaʻ. After one year in exile, the survivors were called back to resume their work for the local Arab populations, who had been left without goods and services due to the Jews absence.

1648 CE

THE UKRAININAN massacre

The Chmielnicki Massacres were brutal attacks by Ukrainian Cossack rebels, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki, against Jewish communities in Eastern Europe between 1648 and 1657. While the Cossack rebellion targeted the Polish nobility, Jews—who were enemies to both sides—suffered the most from the Cossacks' cruelty. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were pillaged, tortured, and murdered, a tragedy only surpassed by the Holocaust three centuries later. In Jewish literature, these events are referred to as Gezeirot Tach V’Tat, "The Decrees of 5408 and 5409," which correspond to 1648-1649. The Cossacks, a Slavic tribe from eastern Ukraine, east of the Dnieper River, were semi-autonomous under Polish kings in exchange for defending Poland against the Tatars.

Painting by: Sefira Lightstone

1345 CE

NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL

Notre Dame Cathedral, a Gothic masterpiece, was built on Île de la Cité, a natural island in the Seine River at the heart of Paris. Construction began in 1163 C.E. under King Louis VII and took nearly 200 years to complete, finishing in 1345 C.E. with over 1,000 workers involved. Designed as a Roman Catholic cathedral, it became a symbol of the Church's power and influence.The stunning stained glass windows, particularly the iconic Rose Windows, were created by various skilled artisans over the centuries. The cathedral was a marvel of architectural innovation, featuring thinner walls, soaring heights, and flying buttresses to support the large windows and 115-foot ceiling.In April 2019, a devastating fire severely damaged Notre Dame, collapsing the spire and destroying parts of the roof. The fire prompted an outpouring of support for restoration. After years of work and significant funding, restoration efforts were completed in 2024, with the cathedral reopening to the public, preserving its historical and architectural significance for future generations.

Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris

1346-1352 CE

THE BLACK PLAGUE

The first major European outbreak of the Plague occurred in Messina, Italy, in 1347, spreading rapidly from there. The Bubonic Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is primarily spread by fleas on rodents, which likely came from Central Asia via trade routes. As the disease spread, fear and panic led to Jews being blamed, with accusations of poisoning wells to spread the Plague. This led to violent attacks and massacres of Jews across Europe. The Black Death, as it came to be known, lasted for several years, peaking between 1347 and 1351. It affected an estimated 25 to 30 million people, or about one-third of Europe's population at the time. Jews were massacred in over 200 Jewish communities across Europe.

Persecution and massacre of the Jews in 1349 Antiquitates Flandriae (Royal Library of Belgium

2700 BCE

TRUE WRITING INVENTED

The civilizations in and around Mesopotamia are credited with inventing the first true writing systems in the world. By the middle of the third millennium B.C., cuneiform primarily written on clay tablets was used for a vast array of economic, religious, political, literary, and scholarly documents.

Proto-Cuneiform tablet with seal impressions: administrative account of barley distribution with cylinder seal impression of a male figure, hunting dogs, and boars

Economic tablet with numeric signs and Proto-Elamite script. Clay accounting tokens, Uruk period. From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa.

1969

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1820

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1969

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1520-1625 CE

JEWS IN ISRAEL

Jerusalem's Old City wals

515 BCE

SECOND TEMPLE BUILT IN JERUSALEM

The Second Temple in Jerusalem was completed in 515 BCE, constructed by Jewish exiles who returned to Jerusalem following the Persian king Cyrus II's tdecree in 538 BCE, which allowed the Jewish people to return to their homeland. The construction was overseen by Zerubbabel, a descendant of King David, and the high priest Joshua. The Temple was built on the site of the First Temple, which had been destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE.

A model of the Second Temple, Courtesy, Israel Museum, Jerusalem

73 CE

MASADA

Masada, Israel

Masada מְצָדָה is a historically and culturally significant site located above the Dead Sea. It was originally a fortress and royal retreat built by King Herod the Great between 37 BCE and 4 BCE, featuring a luxurious palace complex with sophisticated architecture and an advanced water system. After Judea became a Roman province, Masada became a refuge for Jewish survivors of the revolt against Rome, which took place between 66 and 73 CE. These survivors chose death over surrender when the Romans breached the fortress in 73 CE. The site is a powerful symbol of Jewish resistance, oppression, and the Diaspora. Masada also holds great archaeological importance, with well-preserved remains of Herod's palaces and Roman siegeworks. The site's military camps, siege ramp, and fortresses are some of the best-preserved examples from the Roman era, making it a unique and poignant reminder of the struggle between freedom and oppression.

An aerial view of Masada, from the north

1933

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1881-1903 CE

wAVE OF PROGROMS IN RUSSIA

The Kishinev pogrom began after the second day of Passover, on the 22nd of Nisan, לאחר חג שני של פסח, בכ"ב ניסן ה'תרס"ג 1903, and lasted for three days. During this time, 49 people were killed, dozens were severely injured, and hundreds of homes and businesses were destroyed and looted. Hayim Nahman Bialik (1873, -1934) was one of the most influential figures in modern Hebrew literature, wrote on the 5th of Iyar, 5673 (1903), in his city Odessa, his famous poem "On the Slaughter."The poem captures the raw emotion and horror of the pogrom, describing the devastation and the feeling of powerlessness. A famous excerpt from the poem reads: "And the blood of the innocent flows like water, The houses lie in ruins, the streets are steeped in blood, Where were the defenders? Where were those who would have stood? The slaughter is complete, and the world stands silent." “על השחיטה” ״נִקְמַת דַּם יֶלֶד קָטן עוֹד לֹא־בָרָא הַשָּׂטָן״ "The Storms in the Negev" הסופות בנגב (or "Disturbances in the Negev") (או הפרעות בנגב) refers to a series of pogroms that occurred between April 1881 and May 1882 against Jews in the southwestern region of the Russian Empire, primarily in what is now Ukraine. These riots erupted after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II by the revolutionary group Narodnaya Volya and were fueled by antisemitic newspapers and government officials. The term "Storms in the Negev" was chosen by the Hebrew press in Russia to circumvent tsarist censorship, drawing from a quote in the prophet Isaiah’s prophecy of destruction: "A prophecy concerning the wilderness of the sea, like the storms in the Negev, it comes from a terrible land" (Isaiah 21:1). This name symbolized the sudden and violent outbreaks of the pogroms, as well as their occurrence in the southern (Negev)-western part of the Russian Empire.

Kishinev Pogrom Memorial, Moldova Kishinev

167 - 160 BCE

The Maccabean Revolt מרד החשמונאים

The Maccabean Revolt מרד החשמונאים (167-160 BCE) was a Jewish uprising led by the Maccabees against the Seleucid Empire and Hellenistic influence on Jewish life. Although the Seleucids retained control of Judea after the main phase, conflict persisted until 134 BCE, when the Maccabees gained independence. The revolt significantly influenced Jewish nationalism, demonstrating the success of resisting anti-Jewish suppression and achieving political independence.

Arrowheads made from bronze and iron attributed to Seleucid archers; On permanent loan to the Tower of David Museum from the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) (Photo: Ricky Rachman)

In May 1945, the brigade was moved to northeast Italy, and it was there that it met for the first time with survivors of the Holocaust in Displaced Persons camps, bringing them Jewish and Zionist culture. Rescue committees were established in the brigade units to care for the Jewish refugees, while maintaining secret contact with the Jewish authorities’ Merkaz la-Golah (“Diaspora Center”; see Beriḥah). The brigade thus became a major contributor to the care of the Jewish survivors of the ghettos and concentration camps. The Jewish soldiers extended systematic aid to the refugees, provided them with clothes and educational facilities for their children, guided them across the frontiers, and smuggled them into the land of Israel in July 1945, the brigade moved to Holland and Belgium, continuing its humanitarian efforts. Some members of the brigade were attached to the tracing service of the occupation authorities and, in their search for surviving Jews, got as far as Poland and Czechoslovakia. In the summer of 1946, in the wake of the increasing tension between Britain and the Yishuv, the authorities decided to disband the brigade. Most of its men were returned to Palestine and discharged there. Apart from its contribution to the war effort against Nazi Germany, the brigade fulfilled two historic functions: it was a decisive factor in strengthening the staying power of the Jewish survivors and refugees in Europe, and the experience it gained in military organization and in battle subsequently became one of the foundations of the Israel Defense Forces. Many of the officers of the Israel army, among them two chiefs of staff, Mordechai Makleff and Haim Laskov, had seen previous service in the Jewish Brigade. Skills gained in the Jewish Brigade, and in the British army in general, were put to use during Israel’s War of Independence. More than its military value, however, the Jewish Brigade served as a symbol of hope for renewed Jewish life in Eretz Israel.

1944 CE

The Jewish Brigade

The "Jewish Brigade," formed in September 1944, was a unit of the British Army composed of 5,000 Jewish volunteers from Some 5,000 Jewish volunteers from Eretz Israel fought in the Jewish Brigade, in addition to the some 25,000 Jews from Eretz Israel who fought in the ranks of the British Army. The Jewish Brigade was the only fighting force in World War II that fought under a Jewish flag recognized as representing the Jewish people. Some 700 Yishuv volunteers in the British Army fell in World War II. Of those, 57 were Jewish Brigade volunteers. . It fought in Italy from March to May 1945, helping to liberate the region from Nazi control. The brigade was the first official Jewish military unit recognized by the British, flying the Zionist flag. Earlier efforts to establish a Jewish unit within the British Army were unsuccessful, but after the Holocaust's horrors were revealed, the British agreed to the creation of the brigade. By 1944, the brigade was formed, with the soldiers also playing a role in helping Holocaust survivors immigrate to Palestine after the war. After a period of training in Egypt, the brigade was moved to Italy, where it joined the Eighth Army and continued its training until the end of February 1945. It then took up positions on the Alfonsini sector of the front, where it soon engaged in the fighting, initiating two attacks (March 19–20, 1945). Moving to another sector of the front, on the Senio River, the brigade found itself facing a German parachute division. The three battalions crossed the Senio on April 9, establishing a bridgehead which they broadened the following day. The brigade’s casualties consisted of 30 killed and 70 wounded; 21 of its men were awarded military distinctions and 78 were mentioned in dispatches.

1969

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1933

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640 BCE

CURRENCY INVENTED

According to Herodotus, the Lydians were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver coins.These coins were stamped with a lion's head adorned with what is likely a sunburst, which was the king's symbol.[52] The most prolific mint for early electrum coins was Sardis which produced large quantities of the lion head thirds, sixths and twelfths along with lion paw fractions.

A 640 BC one-third stater electrum coin from Lydia.

1600-1700 CE

Scientific revolutions

Isaac Newton

1969

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1936 CE

THE ISRAEL PHILHARMONIC ORCHESTRA

518 BCE

PURIM

The Purim story, as told in the Book of Esther, takes place in the Persian Empire around 518 BCE. Esther, the wife of King Ahasuerus (Achashverosh) (often identified as Xerxes I), along with her cousin Mordechai, courageously confronts the king's advisor, Haman, who plots to destroy all the Jews. Esther risks her life by revealing her Jewish identity to the king and pleading for the lives of her people. This pivotal event is commemorated during the Jewish holiday of Purim, named after the "lots" (purim in Hebrew) that Haman cast to determine the day of the massacre.

Esther Scroll and case, Italy, 18th century he Levy Collection in the Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life University of California, Berkeley

637 CE

JEWISH LIFE

A fragment of a synagogue from Ashkelon, Israel, dating back to the 6th-7th century, from the Byzantine period. During this time, symbols such as the Menorah, Shofar (ram's horn), lulav (palm frond), and Etrog (citron) were commonly featured in the decoration of synagogues from the era of the Byzantine Empire. This particular fragment was displayed at the Metropolitan Museum in New York City

Ancient Synagogue Fragment with Menorah, Shofar and Etrog from 6th-7th Century, Ashkelon, Israel

570 CE

MUHAMMAD

Muhammad (born circa 570 CE, Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]—died June 8, 632 CE, Medina) was the founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qurʾān, which Muslims regard as the literal word of God revealed to him. Traditionally believed to have been born in Mecca, a major trading city on the Arabian Peninsula, his life and teachings laid the foundation of the Islamic faith. At the age of 40, Muhammad began receiving revelations from the angel Jibrīl (Gabriel), which continued for 23 years and were later compiled into the Qurʾān. His message initially faced resistance in Mecca, but over time, more followers embraced Islam. In 622 CE, facing persecution from the Quraysh tribe in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers emigrated to Yathrib, later called Medina. This event, known as the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

Gates of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia

1925

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1921 CE

THE MUFTTI OF JERUSALEM

Muhammad Amin al-Husseini, (1895 – July 4, 1974), was an Arab-Muslim leader during the British Mandate in Israel and the main leader of the Palestinian Arabs before the creation of the PLO. Al-Husseini played a key role in shaping the ideology that denied the right of the Jewish state to exist. He was infamous for his antisemitism and his staunch opposition to Zionism. He was responsible for inciting riots and brutal attacks against the Jewish community, and even cooperated with Nazi Germany, supporting the execution of the Final Solution, which involved the systematic extermination of Jews during the Holocaust..

The Jaffa Arab riots of 1921

Paining by: Nachum Gutman

1924-1932 CE

THE FOURTH ALIYA

The fourth Aliya began in mid-1924, with over 67,000 immigrants, half from Poland and half from Russia, Romania, and Lithuania, as well as groups from Yemen and Iraq. The main causes were Poland's economic crisis, heavy taxes on Jews, and growing nationalism and anti-Semitism across Europe. Many Polish Jews and others chose to immigrate to Israel, especially after the U.S. imposed strict immigration laws in 1924. Unlike the Third Aliyah, most Fourth Aliyah immigrants were middle-class individuals, not affiliated with pioneer movements. They worked in industry, commerce, and crafts. Most immigrants settled in cities, especially Tel Aviv, which rapidly developed. They invested in workshops, small businesses, and construction. The population of Haifa also grew with the arrival of the people of the Fourth Aliyah. New neighborhoods were built and the construction of the biggest industrial area of the Land of Israel was begun in the Haifa Bay area. New towns were also built, including Herzliya, Ra’anana, Magdiel, Ramataim, Bnei Brak and Afula. In addition to the growth in the neighborhoods that had been established during the Third Aliyah, many new neighborhoods were established in Jerusalem on land bought from the Greek Church. Moreover, the Zionist Federation built independent factories on land that they had purchased and industry began to develop. Nesher and Shemen were pioneers in the Hebrew industry of the Land of Israel. The agricultural sector also saw growth. A small number of people from the Fourth Aliyah chose private settlement, meaning they bought land with their own money, without any connection to national institutions. This led to the growth of many moshavim, mainly in the center of the country, where they planted orchards and groves, contributing to the growth of this farming sector. This wave was crucial for strengthening Jewish settlement during a severe economic crisis that began in 1926, which led to a decline in the population.

Painting by: Nachum Gutman

1921 CE

NAHALA: PIONEERING THE FIRST MOSHAV

Moshav Nahalal, the first moshav ha'ovdim (workers' settlement), was founded on September 11, 1921, in the northwest Jezreel Valley, about halfway between Haifa and Afula.Nahalal, the first moshav in Israel, is named after a Biblical city in the territory of the tribe of Zebulun, mentioned in the Book of Joshua. It was established by 80 families who came to the Land of Israel during the Second Aliyah (1904-1914) and had previously lived and worked in a variety of villages and some of the earliest kibbutzim. The initial settlers in Nahalal aimed to create a new type of agricultural settlement that combined some of the communal principles of the kibbutz while allowing for private ownership of land. Each founding family received 25 acres. Nahalal is also known for its unique layout, designed by architect Richard Kaufman, which became a model for many other moshavim. The layout is based on circles: public buildings are in the center, homes form the next circle, and gardens and fields occupy the outermost circle.

1903 CE

THE WRIGHT BROTHERS

Wilbur and Orville Wright dedicated four years of research and development to create the first successful powered airplane, the 1903 Wright Flyer. On December 17, 1903, they achieved the first sustained, controlled, and powered flight of a heavier-than-air machine at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, with Orville piloting the aircraft. The first flight lasted 12 seconds and covered 120 feet, marking a pivotal moment in aviation history.

1925

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1271-1295 CE

MARCO POLO'S JOURNEYS

Marco Polo (c. 1254–1324) was a Venetian merchant and adventurer who traveled extensively from Europe to Asia. From 1271 to 1295, Marco Polo, along with his father Niccolò and uncle Maffeo, embarked on a journey from Venice to Asia, eventually reaching the court of Kublai Khan, the Mongol ruler in China. The journey, which took them along the Silk Road, led them to China, where Marco Polo spent 17 years as a trusted advisor to Kublai Khan. During this time, he documented his observations of Chinese culture, customs, and geography. In 1292, the Polo family left China, escorting a Mongol princess to Persia, and returned to Venice in 1295. After his return, Marco Polo dictated his travel accounts to fellow prisoner Rustichello da Pisa, resulting in the famous book Il Milione (The Million), later known as The Travels of Marco Polo. His writings greatly influenced European views of Asia, inspiring future explorers and promoting the exchange of knowledge and trade between the East and West.

A page of The Travels of Marco Polo Publication date c. 1300

1969

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1925

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The history of the Technion begins in 1901, half a century before the establishment of the State of Israel, in the halls of the Stadtcasino Basel, where the Fifth Zionist Congress was unfolding. There, three Jewish intellectuals – philosopher Martin Buber, biochemist and the future first president of Israel Chaim Weizmann, and journalist Berthold Feiwel – brought to the attendees’ attention the necessity of adopting a program of Hebrew culture, including the establishment of an educational institute for engineers to support the development of the future state of Israel. In 1908, the German-Jewish organization Ezrah Association, headed by Dr. Paul Nathan, set out to raise funds toward establishing what is known today as the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. The Technion, Israel's oldest university, was founded in 1912 under the Ottoman Empire, with classes starting in December 1924 in Haifa. It is a leading institution in engineering, science, and technology. It was clear from the very beginnings of the State of Israel that the Technion would be the nation’s backbone as it established its infrastructure, security, and economy – just as the thinkers at the Fifth Zionist Congress had intended.

1925 CE

Foundations of Israeli Academia: The Establishment of THE Hebrew University (1925)

The Hebrew University’s cornerstone was laid in July 1918, with its official opening on April 1, 1925, attended by prominent figures such as Lord Balfour and Dr. Chaim Weizmann. The idea for a Hebrew University began in 1882 with Dr. Hermann Schapira and was supported by Zionist leaders like Weizmann, Martin Buber, and Leo Motzkin. The university's creation was discussed at multiple Zionist Congresses, and in 1914, Arthur Ruppin purchased land on Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, where the Hebrew University was built. This paved the way for the Hebrew University to emerge as a leading institution of higher education and a vital pillar in the establishment of the Jewish homeland.

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Timeline of the Holocaust 1933-1945

1942 January 20 Wannsee Conference in Berlin: Heydrich outlines plan to murder Europe's Jews March 17 Extermination begins in Belzec; by end of 1942 600,000 Jews murdered May Extermination by gas begins in Sobibor killing center; by October 1943, 250,000 Jews murdered June Jewish partisan units established in the forests of Byelorussia and the Baltic States July 22 Germans establish Treblinka concentration camp Summer Deportation of Jews to killing centers from Belgium, Croatia, France, the Netherlands, and Poland; armed resistance by Jews in ghettos of Kletzk, Kremenets, Lakhva, Mir, Tuchin, and Weisweiz Winter Deportation of Jews from Germany, Greece and Norway to killing centers; Jewish partisan movement organized in forests near Lublin 1943 January German 6th Army surrenders at Stalingrad (Volgograd) March Liquidation of Craców ghetto April 19 Warsaw Ghetto revolt begins as Germans attempt to liquidate 70,000 inhabitants; Jewish underground fights Nazis until early June May Liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto. On May 16, 1943, SS and Police Chief Jurgen Stroop proclaimed, "180 Jews, bandits, and subhumans were destroyed. The Jewish quarter of Warsaw is no more." June Himmler orders the liquidation of all ghettos in Poland and the Soviet Union Summer Armed resistance by Jews in Bedzin, Bialystok, Czestochowa, Lvov, and Tarnów ghettos Fall Liquidation of large ghettos in Minsk, Vilna (Vilnius), and Riga October 14 Armed revolt in Sobibor extermination camp October-November Rescue of the Danish Jewry

1944March 19 Germany occupies Hungary May 15 Nazis begin deporting Hungarian Jews; by June 27, 380,000 sent to Auschwitz June 6 D-Day: Allied invasion at Normandy Spring/Summer Red Army repels Nazi forces July 20 Group of German officers attempt to assassinate Hitler July 24 Russians liberate Majdanek killing center October 7 Revolt by inmates at Auschwitz; one crematorium blown up November Last Jews deported from Theresienstadt (Terezin) to Auschwitz November 8 Beginning of death march of approximately 40,000 Jews from Budapest to Austria 1945 January 17 Evacuation of Auschwitz; beginning of death march January 25 Beginning of death march for inmates of Stutthof April 6-10 Death march of inmates of Buchenwald April 30 Hitler commits suicide May 8 V-E Day: Germany surrenders; end of Third Reich August 6 Bombing of Hiroshima August 9 Bombing of Nagasaki August 15 V-J Day: Victory over Japan proclaimed. September 2 Japan surrenders; end of World War II

1200 BCE

THE TROJAN WAR

The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology that took place around the 12th or 13th century BC. The war was waged by the Achaeans (Greeks) against the city of Troy after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology, and it has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad.

Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo: The Procession of the Trojan Horse into Troy

Lord Arthur Balfour in British Mandatory Israel, with Vera and Chaim Weizmann (seated, at left),and Nahum Sokolow

1915-1917 CE

NILI - Netzakh israel Lo Yeshaker

During World War I, the Jewish Yishuv faced harsh conditions under Ottoman rule. In response, a small group formed Nili, Netzakh Israel Lo Yeshaker (“The Eternity (God) of Israel will not lie” וְגַם נֵצַח יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא יְשַׁקֵּר וְלֹא יִנָּחֵם כִּי לֹא אָדָם הוּא לְהִנָּחֵם׃ Samuel I 15:29) (1915-1917), an underground espionage network. With about 30 active members, Nili aimed to aid the British in defeating the Ottomans, believing this would bring the Jewish people closer to statehood. In addition to espionage, they smuggled funds to help the Yishuv. After two years, the Ottomans uncovered the network, leading to the capture and execution of its leaders: Aaron, Alexander, and Sarah Aaronsohn, Avshalom Feinberg, Yosef Lishansky, and Naaman Belkind. Today, the Aaronson house in Zichron Yaakov is a museum dedicate to the amazing accomplishment of the NILI spy ring. Among other documents and artifacts, it houses a letter from British Captain Baron William Ormsby-Gore acknowledging that Britain could not have won without the aid of the NILI spies. The legacy of Nili remains significant in the history of the Zionist movement, marking an early example of Jewish resistance against Ottoman rule and the determination to secure a future for the Jewish people in the land of Israel.

1925

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1834 CE

MASSACRE OF THE JEWS LIVInG IN SAFED AND HEBRON

The Jewish community found itself trapped between the Egyptians, the Ottomans, and the Bedouins. Violence erupted on July 24, 1834, when forces loyal to Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt attacked the city of Hebron to suppress the Peasants' Revolt, massacring the Jews. Despite having no involvement in the rebellion, the Egyptian soldiers who entered the city made no distinction between the inhabitants. Meanwhile, in Safed (Zfat), a separate massacre began on Sunday, June 15, 1834, when local Arab Muslims and Bedouins launched brutal attacks on the Jewish community. This violent assault resulted in the deaths and displacement of many Jews.

Hebron, City of the Patriarchs by: Baruch Nachshon

1925

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1925

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A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to protect passengers against rocks and grenades thrown by Arabs.

1939 CE

THE BRITISH WHITE PAPER

In an attempt to quell the Arab Revolt of 1936-39, the British government declared a policy that became known as the White Paper of 1939. On the one hand it declared that the Jewish homeland would be created in Palestine in 10 years time, but it rejected the idea of partitioning Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, meaning that the Jews would be forced to live as a minority within an Arab state. But more egregiously, in the eyes of the Yishuv, the White Paper dramatically limited Jewish immigration to Palestine, all but shutting the door to millions of Jews trying to escape Europe at the start of World War Two. The White Paper limited immigration to only 75,000 Jews over five years, and thereafter Jewish immigration would continue under the sufferance of the Arab majority. The policy also restricted how much land Jews could purchase, and where.The Arabs rejected the White Paper as being too favorable to the Jews, as it allowed five more years of immigration, although its issuance did help bring about a cessation of Arab violence. The Jews, on the other hand, saw it as a horrifying betrayal of the Balfour Declaration, especially at a time when Jews in Europe were in great danger. The policy was cited as the primary justification for Jewish resistance against British rule, leading to acts of terrorism and clandestine operations aimed at thwarting it. In response to the White Paper, the Jewish Yishuv united in its opposition to both the British and the policy itself, declaring a general strike across the country and organizing protest demonstrations in the major cities. The underground organizations came together in the Meri Movement to struggle against the British. However, with the outbreak of World War II, the Haganah decided to cease its activities against the British and shift its focus to settlement and illegal immigration. Ben Gurion famously stated, “We will fight the White Paper as if there is no war, and fight the war as if there is no White Paper.” This decision led to a breakdown in cooperation between the Haganah and the Etzel. The policy would remain in place until the British Mandate's end in 1948.

Jewish women protest against the White Paper in Jerusalem.

Photo source: United States Library of Congress.

1922 CE

britain granted mandate for the land of israel by league of nations

Emerging from World War I, the League of Nations was created in April 1920 at the end of the deliberations of the Paris Peace Conference. Its objectives were to avoid the tragedy of war, to promote international peace, and to secure cooperation among nations. On July 24, 1922, the Council of the League of Nations appointed Britain as the Mandatory entrusted with the administration of the Land of Israel, with the aim of establishing a Jewish national home while safeguarding the rights of all inhabitants, as outlined in the Balfour Declaration.

1492 CE

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

October 12, 1492, holds immense significance in Western history, marking the day when explorer Christopher Columbus completed his journey across the Atlantic and made landfall in the "New World." Columbus set sail in August 1492 with 90 men aboard three ships: the Santa María, the Niña, and the Pinta. Upon reaching land on that October day, Columbus arrived at an island he named San Salvador, which is now known as Watling Island and part of the Bahamas. Believing he had discovered a new route to India, Columbus referred to the people he encountered as "Indians.” While Viking sailors are thought to have established a brief settlement in Newfoundland in the 11th century, and scholars have suggested other possible pre-Columbian landings, it was Columbus's voyage that sparked the enduring interaction between Europeans and the indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere.

The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus

2019

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1969

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70 CE

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE SECOND TEMPLE

In 70 CE, during the First Jewish-Roman War, the Roman Empire, led by Titus, destroyed the Second Temple in Jerusalem after a prolonged siege. The Romans breached the city's defenses, resulting in mass killings, enslavement, and displacement of Jews. The infamous "Burnt House" excavation in Jerusalem reveals a woman's skeletal remains, found with a spear nearby, illustrating the destruction. The destruction of the Second Temple occurred on the 9th of Av, the same day the First Temple was destroyed. Before setting it on fire, the Romans looted the Temple, sending priceless artifacts to Rome with Jewish slaves. This is commemorated on the Arch of Titus in Rome. Five months into the siege, Titus ordered the destruction of the Temple. After the fall of Jerusalem, around 1,000 Zealots fled to the Masada fortress near the Dead Sea. The self-sufficient fortress, built by Herod, withstood a three-year Roman siege. Visitors to Masada can see Roman siege walls, camps, and ramps built with Jewish slave labor. In 73 CE, the Zealots, facing defeat, chose suicide over capture, a story recorded by Josephus. Today, Masada symbolizes Jewish resistance, and Israeli soldiers once swore their oaths there, declaring, "Masada will never fall again!"

The Arch of Titus (81 CE) in Rome was built to honor the Roman general, later emperor, Titus, for his victory in the Jewish War of 66-74 CE. The arch displays spolia from the Jerusalem Temple, including the Menorah and Table of Showbread.

Rare, 1,700-year-old oil lamp with Temple menorah decoration found in Jerusalem, in an image released on December 26, 2024. Emil Aladjem/Israel Antiquities Authority)

1934-1948 CE

The First Stage (1934-1939): Hitler’s Rise to Power The first stage of the illegal immigration started after Hitler’s rise to power in Germany and continued until the outbreak of World War II in September, 1939. Several different bodies took part in the illegal immigration operation: The Pioneer which became the Mossad le-Aliyah Bet and worked within the Haganah, the New ןWorld Zionist Organization of the Revisionist Movement and private bodies that worked as “contractors”. They organized the escape of Jews from Europe to the Land of Israel for large sums of money. During this period, more than 50,000 people reached the shores of the Land of Israel. Approximately 2/3 of them arrived under the auspices of the Revisionist Movement and private bodies, while 1/3 came through the Pioneer and the Mossad le-Aliyah Bet. The Second Stage (1939-1945): The Holocaust The illegal immigration did not stop during World War II, and despite all the difficulties 16,000 illegal immigrants managed to arrive in the Land of Israel. Some of the boats did not succeed in reaching the shores of the Land of Israel because they were in such bad shape and they were overloaded. They sank or were sunk. That was the fate of the Patria (Moledet), which sank in 1940 and the Struma, which sank in 1942. The Third Stage (1945-1947): After the Holocaust After the Holocaust, the Mossad le-Aliyah Bet decided to renew its activity and to help the refugees reach the Land of Israel. They worked to bring more than 85,000 people, Holocaust survivors, from tens of ports all over Europe, to the Land of Israel. Despite the fact that the enormity of the tragedy of the Holocaust became clear, the British still did not relax their restrictions on the entrance of Holocaust survivors to the land of Israel. Most of the boats carrying survivors were caught and the passengers were deported to Cyprus. The captured immigrants often used physical force to oppose their arrest. The British sent reinforcements and more weapons and sometimes the survivors were even fired at. The Expulsion to Cyprus The British saw that there was an increase in the number of immigrant ships that were reaching the shores of the Land of Israel. The prisoner camps at Latrun and Atlit were filled to capacity and the British pressure on European countries to stop the ships was to no avail. In August, 1946, in the framework of their struggle against the Yishuv’s underground organizations (one of the ways in which it expressed itself was Black Saturday), it was decided to act to deter the illegal immigration and its organizers. It was decided to send the immigrants to prison camps in Cyprus. The first ships to carry the exiles were the Yagur and the Henrietta Szold. The British army built 12 prison camps in four different locations in Cyprus. The camps in which there were tents were called “summer camps” and those in which there were tin barracks were called “winter camps”. The conditions in the camps were harsh.

There was overcrowding, a limited supply of food and water and the British army placed limitations on the prisoners’ activity. There was little for the prisoners to do. However, emissaries from the Land of Israel ran the camps like a kibbutz. They organized some activities and even opened children’s houses and a youth village.1947 was the year of the greatest number of illegal immigrants. About 25,000 people arrived in the Land of Israel. Between the years 1946 and 1948, about 70,000 refugees arrived from Europe. About 5000 people came overland from different countries in the Middle East, including Syria, Lebanon, Iraq and Iran. They entered the country using forged entry visas.

The Illegal Immigration Ha'Apala העפלה

IHa'Apala העפלה is the name given to the illegal immigration of Jews to the Land of Israel during the period of the British Mandate. Every year the British Mandate government would set a quota for aliyah certificates given to the Jews. There were very few certificates relative to the number of Jews wishing to come to the Land of Israel. Moreover, there was a clear preference to rich people or to people who could support themselves. However, after Hitler’s rise to power, the situation of the Jews in Europe worsened drastically and large numbers of Jews, not only the wealthy, wanted to immigrate to the Land of Israel. It was decided to circumvent the British quota and to bring Jews to the Land of Israel without certificates. The Mossad le-Aliyah Bet עליה ב', קיצור של עלייה "בלתי לגאלית and the Pal-Yam, the branch of the Palmach which focused on illegal immigration, the Haganah and the Etzel started the operation in Europe. There they organized groups of illegal immigrants. They took care of them before the voyage (a place to sleep, food, water) and during the voyage. They found the ships and the crew that would agree to endanger themselves, or alternatively, they acquired ships, hired crews, and of course, everything cost a lot of money, which had to be found quickly. Most of the countries from which the ships sailed left them alone. The challenge was in reaching the Land of Israel in small cargo boats, old and broken-down, and to escape the watchful eyes of the British destroyers in the middle of the sea and the British soldiers awaiting them on the shore. Every boat was equipped with a means of communication which would signal their arrival to the Mossad le-Aliyah Bet, the Pal-Yam or the underground organizations that organized the passage and were waiting for the boat to anchor near the coast. Under the cover of darkness, the volunteers helped the men, women and children off the boasts and then took them to nearby settlements. The newcomers quickly changed their clothes and then mixed in with the old-timers. There was nothing the British could do, but to return empty-handed. The people who lived near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea played an active part in the operations. Kibbutz Yagur and Kibbutz Nitzanim were famous for the role they played.

British soldiers guarding the ship Haim Arlosoroff, 27.2.1947

1503 CE

The Mona Lisa by: Leonardo da Vinci

The Mona Lisa is an oil painting on a poplar wood panel by Leonardo da Vinci, probably the world’s most famous painting. It was painted sometime between 1503 and 1519, during the time when Leonardo was living in Florence, and it now hangs in the Louvre Museum in Paris, where it remains an object of pilgrimage in the 21st century. The sitter’s mysterious smile and her unproven identity have made the painting a source of ongoing investigation and fascination. It was owned by French royalty for centuries. Liberated by Revolutionary forces, the painting briefly adorned Napoleon's bedroom before being installed in the Louvre in Paris, France. Unlike most 16th-century portraits of nobility, which showcased their social status and wealth with flamboyant clothing, hairstyles, and accessories, the Mona Lisa is dressed in elegant simplicity, which draws attention to her face. Painted in a revolutionary ¾-length pose—contrary to typical Italian portraiture, which used full-figure poses—the Mona Lisa is neither stoic nor demure. Deviating from traditional female portraiture, she meets our eyes directly, as a man typically would, turning slightly toward the viewer, smiling with some secret amusement. Da Vinci’s expert portrayal of a subtle smile illustrates his exhaustive understanding of human anatomy, while his deliberately irregular brushstrokes over her face give the skin a realistic texture. The Mona Lisa showcases many painterly techniques that da Vinci employed, including sfumato and aerial perspective. Da Vinci used sfumato, which means “vanished or evaporated,” to create imperceptible transitions between light and dark, while the background fades into the distance. This is another deviation from traditional Italian portraiture, which painted the background in the same sharp focus as the central figure.

Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa, oil on wood panel

1925

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1948

David Ben-Gurion Declares Israel's Independence on May 14,1948 As Israel's First Prime Minister

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations approved Resolution 181, dividing Mandate Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. On Friday, May 14, 1948, a day before British withdrawal, the Jewish leadership, the Yishuv, declared the establishment of the Jewish state. A committee, including David Ben-Gurion, Moshe Sharett, Aharon Zeisling, and Rabbi Leib Maimon, drafted the Declaration of Independence. The time and place of the signing were not publicly announced due to fears that British authorities might try to prevent the event or that Arab armies might attack earlier than planned. While invitations were sent discreetly, secrets like this were hard to keep in the close-knit Yishuv community. The signing took place discreetly at 4:00 pm in Independence Hall, Tel Aviv, with thousands gathering outside. Ben-Gurion read the Declaration aloud to 400 guests, followed by unanimous affirmation, the traditional shehechiyanu prayer, and the playing of Hatikvah by the Philharmonic Orchestra (which, due to lack of space, performed from the second floor). Concerned about the impending war, Ben-Gurion had the Declaration placed in a safety deposit box for safekeeping. The Declaration remains a key document reflecting the core values and aspirations of the newly formed Jewish state.

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

1931 CE

The Etzel אצ״ל - הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל

The Etzel אצ״ל - הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל (National Military Organization, or Irgun) was an underground group active in Jewish settlements before the establishment of Israel. Founded in 1931 by defectors from the Haganah, the Irgun advocated for a more aggressive approach in combating Arab attacks. The group also fought against the British Mandate, carried out acts of retaliation, and engaged in immigration operations. In 1937, the Irgun split, with many members returning to the Haganah, but it remained aligned with the Revisionist movement led by Ze'ev Jabotinsky. Ze'ev Jabotinsky was the intellectual and political leader of the Revisionist Zionist movement, which provided the ideological foundation for the Irgun. His philosophy emphasized the need for armed struggle to secure a Jewish state and the defense of Jewish rights in the land of Israel. Jabotinsky's influence was crucial in shaping the Irgun's militant approach, and his vision of a Jewish state was central to the group's activities. The main leaders of the Irgun included Menachem Begin, who became the organization's most prominent leader, as well as other key figures such as David Raziel and Yitzhak Shamir. Menachem Begin later went on to become the Prime Minister of Israel. After the 1939 "White Paper," which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine, the Irgun shifted its focus to attacking British targets. During World War II, Jabotinsky supported Britain against Nazi Germany, which led to the formation of Lehi. Following the war, the Irgun declared rebellion in 1943, resuming attacks on British installations. Tensions escalated in 1944, culminating in the "Season," a period of conflict in which the Haganah fought against the Irgun. In 1945, the Irgun joined the "Jewish Revolt Movement." The "Jewish Revolt Movement" (also known as the "Hebrew Resistance Movement") was an alliance of various Jewish underground groups that united during the period of British rule in the land of Israel. The main groups involved were the Irgun (Etzel), the Lehi, and, to a lesser extent, the Haganah. The purpose of the Jewish Revolt Movement was to coordinate efforts against British rule in the land of Israel, particularly in response to the 1945 "White Paper," which limited Jewish immigration and was seen by many as a betrayal of the promises made to the Jewish people, but cooperation ended after the 1946 bombing of the King David Hotel. The Irgun continued its battle against the British until their departure. After Israel declared its independence, Irgun leader Menachem Begin pledged loyalty to the new state. The Irgun was eventually integrated into the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), participating in the War of Independence, despite the 1948 Altalena Affair, in which the IDF bombed an Irgun ship.

538 BCE

THE CYRUS'S DECREE

In 538 BCE, King Cyrus of Persia, also known as Cyrus the Great, issued a decree allowing the Jewish people who were exiled in Babylon to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple, marking a significant event in Jewish history and establishing Cyrus as a benevolent ruler known for his tolerance towards different populations within his empire; this decree is documented in the Bible in the Book of Ezra.

The Cyrus Cylinder is an ancient clay cylinder which was written in the name of the Persian king Cyrus the Great. It dates from the 6th century BC and was discovered in the ruins of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon (now in modern Iraq) in 1879

1904-1914 CE

SECOND ALIYA

The Second Aliyah took place between 1904 and 1914, with immigrants mainly from Russia and Poland. On the 17th of Elul, 5666 (September 6, 1906), a 20-year-old named David Green arrived in Eretz Israel as part of this wave of immigration, eager to contribute to the Hebrew revival. He joined the Hebrew settlement of Petah Tikva and began working in agriculture. Shortly after, he was elected to the Central Committee of the "Poalei Zion". In his first year, he worked in various settlements like Petah Tikva, Rishon LeZion, Rehovot, and Kfar Saba. In 1907, he moved to Segra (today Ilaniya) in the Galilee, where he worked as a farm laborer. He was deeply impressed by Segra, writing: "Here, I saw that the land is Hebrew, the workers are Hebrew, the work is Hebrew, the children speak Hebrew. I said to myself - this is the Land of Israel, and I loved it." He became known for plowing while reading a book.

1897 CE

FIRST WORLD ZIONIST CONGRESS

The Zionist Congress, initiated by Benjamin Ze'ev Herzl, is the supreme legislative body of the World Zionist Organization. Herzl convened the first Congress in Basel, Switzerland, in August 1897, driven by his vision to establish a Jewish state as a solution to the growing antisemitism in Europe. Herzl believed that creating a national homeland for the Jewish people was the key to ensuring their safety and future. His idea gained momentum after his book Der Judenstaat("The Jewish State"), which outlined his vision for a Jewish homeland, was published in 1896. The first Congress was a pivotal moment for the Zionist movement. It not only marked the formal beginning of organized Zionism but also led to the approval of Herzl's plan, known as the Basel Plan, which became the blueprint for the movement. The Basel Plan aimed to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, gain international recognition for the project, and work toward Jewish immigration to the region. Herzl famously declared after the Congress, "In Basel, I founded the Jewish state," indicating the significance of the event in advancing the Zionist cause. The Congress met annually for the first five years and then biennially until 1939, playing a crucial role in shaping the future of the Zionist movement. Key moments in Zionist history took place during these gatherings, such as the rejection of the Uganda Plan at the Seventh Congress (1905), the discussion of the Balfour Declaration at the Twelfth Congress (1921), and the decision to expand settlement in the Land of Israel. After World War II, the Congress resumed in 1946, marking the first meeting after the Holocaust and the last in Europe. From 1951 onward, Congresses were held in Jerusalem. However, after Israel's establishment in 1948, the Congress's political influence declined as decisions shifted to the Knesset and government.

Theodor Herzl at the First World Zionist Congress.

63 BCE

Pompey: The Roman General's Impact ON Judaea

Queen Alexandra Salome was the mother of the Jewish princes Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II. She ruled Judaea from 76 to 67 BCE, following the death of her husband, King Alexander Jannaeus. Salome was a member of the Hasmonean dynasty and played a crucial role in stabilizing the kingdom after her husband's death. During her reign, she supported the Pharisees and maintained political power by balancing the influence of various factions within the kingdom. After her death in 67 BCE, a power struggle erupted between her two sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, which eventually led to Pompey's intervention in 63 BCE. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, or Pompey, was a prominent Roman general and politician known for his military campaigns. Pompey annexed regions including Pontus, Armenia, and Syria, while also intervening in Judaea during a civil war between the Jewish princes Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. Initially, Pompey supported Aristobulus, but after Aristobulus sent a bribe to Pompey's representative, Pompey intervened and sided with Hyrcanus. In 63 BCE, he laid siege to Jerusalem, breaching the Temple—an act considered blasphemous by Jews. Despite this, Pompey had the Temple cleansed and appointed Hyrcanus as high priest. After Pompey left Judaea and returned to Rome, he became a dominant political figure. Judaea, now a Roman client kingdom, was stripped of its territories and reduced in size. Hyrcanus retained his position as high priest, though his power was limited. In later years, following Pompey's defeat by Julius Caesar and a power struggle in Rome, Hyrcanus lost his position, and Herod the Great eventually became king of Judaea. The Hasmonean kingdom, weakened by Pompey's actions, was diminished and heavily influenced by Rome.

Pompey Bust, Roman Copy (70–60 BC), Venice Museum

70 CE

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE SECOND TEMPLE

Rare, 1,700-year-old oil lamp with Temple menorah decoration found in Jerusalem, in an image released on December 26, 2024. Emil Aladjem/Israel Antiquities Authority)

1290 CE

The Expulsion of the Jews and the JEWISH MEDIEVAL HISTORY AT THE TOWER OF LONDON

In 1290 Edward I ordered that all Jews in England convert or go into exile abroad. This first example of a nationwide exile of Jews from a European kingdom set a fateful precedent later copied by rulers elsewhere. Pressures from parliament, the Church, and the nobility combined within a broader culture of anti-Jewish prejudice likely informed Edward’s decision. England’s Jewish community had also grown poorer and smaller after years of taxation and persecution, so they were no longer such a valuable source of money. An estimated 3,000 Jewish people lived in England at the time of the Expulsion. Of these, 1,451 Jews went into exile from the wharf outside the Tower. In a final act of exploitation, each had to pay the Constable of the Tower a fee before they left.

Image: The expulsion of the Jews. Chronicle of Rochester Cathedral Priory (Cotton MS Nero D II, f. 183v). ID 63030. © British Library Board, Cotton MS Nero D II, f. 183v

563 BCE

Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha

Gautama Buddha, born around 563 BCE (or 624 BCE according to some Buddhist sources), was the son of King Śuddhodana, the ruler of the Shakya clan, and Queen Maya Devi. He was born in Lumbini, present-day Nepal, during a journey his mother undertook to her native home. Siddhartha Gautama, as he was called in his childhood, was born into a noble family, with his father's clan located in the region that was part of the growing state of Kosala. After witnessing the realities of suffering, aging, and death, Siddhartha renounced his privileged life and set off on a spiritual journey. This ultimately led him to attain enlightenment under the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, where he became known as the Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.

1508-1512 CE

Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling

In 1508 CE, Pope Julius II (reigned 1503-1513 CE) commissioned Michelangelo (1475-1564 CE) to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling in Rome. Initially intended to feature the 12 apostles and architectural designs, Michelangelo instead transformed the ceiling with a grand fresco depicting scenes from Genesis, illustrating humanity's creation, fall, and eventual redemption. Over the next four years, Michelangelo worked largely alone on a custom scaffolding he designed himself, often in physically demanding positions. The ceiling covers an immense area of nearly 800 square meters (39 x 13.7 meters or 128 x 45 feet), making it one of the largest and most ambitious fresco projects in history. Michelangelo used innovative techniques, such as vibrant colors, contrasting hues, and foreshortening, to create depth and visual impact for viewers standing below. He also kept the progress of the work a secret, even from Pope Julius II, who grew impatient as the project unfolded. In the late 20th century, a meticulous restoration removed centuries of dust and smoke residue, restoring the fresco's vivid colors to their original brilliance.

The Sistine Chapel

1860 CE

Mishkenot Sha'ananim was the first Jewish neighborhood built outside the Old City of JERUSALEM by Sir Moses Montefiore

Mishkenot Sha'ananim משכנות שאננים, built by Sir Moses Montefiore in 1860, was the first Jewish neighborhood outside the Old City of Jerusalem, located on a hill opposite Mount Zion. Due to the threat of Bedouin raids, residents were reluctant to move in, even though the housing was luxurious compared to the Old City. Incentives included payment for living there, and a wall with a locked door was built for protection. The neighborhood's name comes from Isaiah 32:18, symbolizing peaceful living. Mahane Israel (1867), the second neighborhood outside the Old City, was a communal area which was built by and for the Maghrebi Jews. Nahalat Shiv'a, founded in 1869, was a cooperative effort by seven families. The Nachlaot district grew in the late 1870s, with neighborhoods like Mishkenot Yisrael (1875) and Mazkeret Moshe (1882) established by Montefiore. Kirya Ne'emana was founded by Nissan Beck in 1875.

SIR MOSHE MONTEFIORE

1925

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2019

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381 CE

ROME ADOPTED CHRISTIANITY

The First Council of Constantinople in 381 marked the triumph of Nicene orthodoxy, solidifying the Nicene Creed and the doctrine of the Trinity as central beliefs in Christianity. Convened by Emperor Theodosius I, the council aimed to resolve theological disputes, particularly rejecting Arianism—the belief that Christ was not fully divine. By affirming that both Christ and the Holy Spirit were fully divine, the council played a crucial role in shaping Christian theology and establishing Nicene Christianity as the official faith of the Roman Empire

Monogramme of Christ, 4th-century AD

(Dark blue)Spread of Christianity to AD 325 (Light blue) Spread of Christianity to AD 600

1925

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1820

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1910 CE

kibbutz degania

Kibbutz Degania, established on October 29, 1910, south of Tiberias, is considered the "Mother of the Kevutzot" (collective settlements). Founded by Second Aliyah immigrants, the land was purchased from the Arab village of Umm Juni. After an initial attempt that failed, Russian immigrants from Hadera resettled it in 1911, naming it after the five varieties of grain that were to be cultivated there, symbolizing fertility and agricultural potential. Degania became a model for future kibbutzim, focusing on agriculture, innovation, and cooperative living. It played a key role in Zionism and contributed to Israel's agricultural and social development. During the 1948 war, the kibbutz defended the region, solidifying its historical significance.

The founders of Degania Alef, the first kibbutz

1558 CE

TIBERIUS AS A CENTER OF JEWISH LIFE

Nahum Gutman's Tiberias Landscape

2019

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1933

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1334 CE

KING OF POLAND, CASIMIR III THE GREAT

Casimir III the Great (30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) ruled as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. In 1340, he also became King of Ruthenia, a title he held during the Galicia-Volhynia Wars. Casimir was the last monarch of the Piast dynasty. On 9 October 1334, he confirmed the privileges granted to Jews in 1264 by Bolesław V the Chaste, offering them significant protections. He enacted severe penalties, including the death penalty, for the kidnapping of Jewish children to force them into Christian baptism and imposed heavy fines for the desecration of Jewish cemeteries. Although Jews had lived in Poland prior to his reign, Casimir encouraged their settlement in large numbers, granting them the status of "people of the king" and providing protection. As a result of his policies, around 70 percent of the world’s European Jews, or Ashkenazi, can trace their ancestry to Poland.

King Of Poland, Casimir III The Great

250 - 65 BCE

DEAD SEA SCROLLS

In 1947, a Bedouin shepherd stumbled upon a remarkable discovery in the Judaean Desert – the first of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Over the next decade, this chance finding would lead to the unearthing of thousands of manuscript fragments from 11 caves near the ancient site of Qumran, dating back two millennia.These fragile parchments, preserved by the arid climate and darkness of the caves, represent an unparalleled treasure trove of ancient wisdom. They include the oldest known copies of the Hebrew Bible, and an extraordinary library of previously unknown religious writings, offering unprecedented insights into the spiritual and cultural landscape of the Second Temple period (516 BCE – 70 CE)

Israeli Antiquities Authority

4 BCE-30CE

JESUS

Israeli archaeologists have gathered compelling evidence indicating that Christ was born in Bethlehem of the Galilee, rather than the traditionally recognized Bethlehem near Jerusalem. Excavations in this lesser-known location have provided substantial archaeological findings, suggesting that this Bethlehem is the historical birthplace of Christ.

2,700-Year-Old Clay Seal Bearing the Name of Jesus Found in Bethlehem, a small village located in the Galilee region of northern Israel

1918 CE

THE BRITISH MANDATE

The British Mandate for Israel (1918–1948) was shaped by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and the peace treaties concluding World War I. Following the war, Britain gained control of Palestine in 1922 under a League of Nations mandate. A key development occurred in 1917 with the Balfour Declaration, in which Britain endorsed the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Israel.

The arrival of Sir Herbert Samuel June 30,1920

General Sir Edmund Allenby entering Jerusalem, 1917

2019

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1564 CE

THE SHULCHAN ARUCH

The Shulchan Aruch - שֻׁלְחָן עָרוּך, often referred to in English as the Code of Jewish Law—is the most widely consulted legal code in Judaism. It was authored by Joseph Karo in Safed, in 1563 and published in Venice two years later. Together with its commentaries, the Shulchan Aruch remains the most widely accepted compilation of halacha (Jewish law) ever written.

Shulchan Aruch

1879 CE

THOMAS EDISON

Although not the first to invent the light bulb, Thomas Edison is credited with creating the first practical and commercially viable incandescent light bulb in 1879. His innovation revolutionized illumination and paved the way for the widespread use of electricity. Working with his team at the Menlo Park laboratory in New Jersey, Edison developed a carbonized filament capable of burning for an extended period, making the light bulb practical for everyday use. Menlo Park is a town located in Middlesex County, New Jersey, where Edison established his famous research laboratory. While Edison wasn't the first to experiment with electric light, he was the first to create a bulb that was both durable and affordable. His success resulted from a combination of factors, including the effective use of carbonized filaments, a high vacuum within the bulb, and high resistance, which made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable. On December 31, 1879, Edison publicly demonstrated his light bulb at Menlo Park, showcasing its practicality and sparking widespread interest. He patented his carbon-filament lamp on November 1, 1879, and his invention led to the development of an electric power system, including dynamos, wires, fuses, and switches.

1925

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1933

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1187 CE - 1254 CE

SALADIN'S EMPIRE

Saladin is the Western name of Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, the Muslim sultan of Egypt and Syria who famously defeated a massive army of Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and captured the city of Jerusalem in 1187.

Encaustic tiles bearing the images of Richard I (left) and Saladin in mounted combat during the Third Crusade

Coin from the Great Jewish Revolt (67-68 CE). Discovered in the Upper Aqueduct, Jerusalem.

66-70 CE

the Great Jewish Revolt

The First Jewish-Roman War (66–74 CE), also known as the Great Jewish Revolt, was the first major rebellion of the Jews against the Roman Empire. It took place in the province of Judaea and resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem, the Jewish Temple, and the Jewish polity, as well as the displacement of the population. In 66 CE, tensions between the Jews and Romans escalated when Governor Gessius Florus looted the Temple treasury and massacred many of Jerusalem’s residents. Additionally, heavy taxation by the Romans, including the tribute to Caesar and other forms of financial exploitation, caused significant resentment among the Jewish population, further fueling the desire to revolt and igniting an uprising. The Jewish rebels seized the Roman garrison, and pro-Roman officials fled the city. To suppress the revolt, the Roman governor of Syria, Cestius Gallus, led an army into Judaea but was decisively defeated by the rebels at Bethoron. In the aftermath, a moderate Jewish government was formed in Jerusalem under Ananus ben Ananus, a former High Priest. The Zealots and the Sicarii were groups of Jews committed to resisting Roman rule in Judaea. They believed in using force to expel the Romans and restore Jewish independence. Opposing Roman taxes and foreign influence, they played a significant role in the uprising, particularly in seizing control of Jerusalem in 66 CE. n 67 CE, Roman General Vespasian was sent to suppress the revolt. He invaded the Galilee, capturing cities like Yodfat, Tarichaea, and Gamla. As the Galilean rebels and refugees fled to Jerusalem, the moderate government was overthrown, and infighting intensified between the Zealot leader Simon bar Giora and the Sicarii leader John of Gischala. Despite their differences, both factions united in their resistance against Roman forces. When Nero died in 68 CE, Vespasian left Judaea to claim the throne, and his son Titus took command of the Roman forces. Titus laid siege to Jerusalem, and in the summer of 70 CE, after a brutal and prolonged siege, the city fell. Jerusalem and the Second Temple were destroyed, marking a devastating loss for the Jewish people. The fall of Jerusalem ended the main phase of the revolt, but pockets of resistance, including at Masada, continued until 73 CE.

Coin from the Great Jewish Revolt (67-68 CE). Discovered in the Upper Aqueduct, Jerusalem.

Ancient Half Shekel Coinfrom the first Jewiish

Revolt Found in the Judean Desert

1925

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1315-1317 CE

FAMINE IN EUROPE

The Great Famine of 1315–1317 was the first in a series of major crises that struck Europe in the early 14th century. It affected much of Europe, stretching east to Russia and south to Italy. The famine led to millions of deaths over several years and marked a clear end to the period of growth and prosperity that had characterized the 11th to 13th centuries.The famine began with severe and prolonged weather disruptions in the spring of 1315. The region experienced unusually cold and wet conditions, leading to a series of crop failures. Persistent rains and cooler temperatures delayed the planting and harvesting seasons, especially in northern Europe. The wet weather continued throughout 1316, further damaging crops and reducing yields, with floods and storms wreaking havoc on fields. By the summer of 1317, the worst of the famine had passed, though many areas continued to suffer from food shortages until the recovery was complete in 1322. This period was also marked by extreme levels of crime, widespread disease, and mass death, as the collapse of food systems exacerbated social unrest.

1933

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1932 CE

THE JERUSALEM POST

The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli English-language daily newspaper that was founded in 1932 as The Palestine Post by Gershon Agron, a prominent Jewish journalist and Zionist. On December 1, 1932, the first issue of The Palestine Post was printed, with 1,200 copies of an eight-page newspaper circulated across Mandatory Palestine. Initially established in British Mandate Palestine, the newspaper changed its name to The Jerusalem Post in 1950. It is now the largest English-language daily in Israel.

Gershon Agron

1820

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1929 CE

A WEEK OF ARAB VIOLENCE: RIOTS AND MASSACRES UNFOLD

The Jewish community in Hebron is the oldest in the world, with roots dating back about 4,000 years to when Abraham, our forefather, settled there and purchased the Cave of the Patriarchs. The cave is the burial site of the patriarchs and matriarchs: Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, and Jacob and Leah. Jacob, renamed "Israel," was the first to bear that name, marking the beginning of the nation of Israel. Hebron was surrounded by massive walls built in the Bronze Age, mentioned in the Bible (Deuteronomy 13 and 1:20), and still visible at Tel Hebron. It was the capital of Judah and, about 3,000 years ago, the first royal city of King David. On the Saturday night of August 23, 1929, בשבת י״ח באב תרפ״ט for a period of three days, Hebron was transformed into a scene of terror and bloodshed as Arab residents led a violent massacre against the Jewish population. Over the course of the three-day attack, 67 Jews were brutally murdered in Hebron. The city's Jewish community, which had lived there peacefully for centuries, was left helpless as homes were ransacked, businesses destroyed, and families torn apart. During the same week, a wave of riots and atrocities erupted in other cities as well, including Safed, Jerusalem, and Jaffa. In Safed, 18 Jews were killed, and dozens more were injured in the widespread violence, which included looting, arson, and brutal assaults. The bloodshed in Hebron continued for three days until British authorities, who were in control of the area under the Mandate, intervened. They evacuated the 484 surviving Jews, including 153 children, from Hebron, sending them to Jerusalem. The events of August 1929, also known as the Hebron Massacre -מאורעות תרפ״ט, marked a significant turning point in Jewish-Arab relations in the region. The widespread violence and brutal attacks against innocent civilians deepened the divisions between the two communities, setting the stage for the conflicts that would follow in the years to come.

Shlomo Slonim, 1.5 years old, with his aunt, sole survivor of his immediate family. Photo: The Central Zionist Archives

Top-left, clockwise: Shlomo Slonim, 1.5 years old, crying from wounds

Holy Ark of the Avraham Sephardi Synagogue ransacked

Kolstein family recovering from injuries.

A survivor reflecting on the massacre.

Memorial to slain rabbinical students in the Hebron Old Jewish Cemetery.

1947

UN Resolution 181 The 1947 Partition Plan

On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly approved a resolution to partition Eretz Israel, paving the way for Israel's declaration of independence on May 14, 1948. On August 31, 1947, UNSCOP recommended ending the British Mandate and dividing Eretz Israel into two states, Jewish and Arab, with an economic union. The Jewish state would include the coastal plain, eastern Galilee, northern valleys, and most of the Negev. The Arab state would cover the central and western Galilee, parts of the Negev, and the Jordan Valley, with Jerusalem and Bethlehem as a neutral zone under UN control. The World Zionist Organization and Jewish institutions in Eretz Israel supported the plan, recognizing the Jewish right to a state. However, the Arab states and the Arabs in the British Mandate strongly opposed the resolution strongly opposed the resolution. The UN General Assembly approved the plan on November 29, 1947, with 33 votes in favor, 13 against, and 10 abstentions. The US and Soviet Union supported the resolution, which called for the end of the British Mandate by August 1, 1948. The Jewish community in Eretz Israel celebrated the decision, with people dancing in the streets upon hearing the news.

Abba Eban (1915-2002), at the raising of the Israeli flag at UN, New Youk, 1949

Abba Eban: Israel's UN Representative and U.S. Ambassador (1949-1959)

142-129 BCE

Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans

During this period, the Hasmoneans ruled semi-autonomously within the Seleucid Empire.

Map of the Land of Israel and the Hasmonean Kingdom following the conquests of Alexander Jannaeus. From the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection at the National Library of Israel, courtesy of Amir Kahanovitz

2019

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[Sir Herbert Samuel and Winston Churchill at tree planting ceremony, on site of Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem]

1917 CE

BALFOUR DECLARATION

The Balfour Declaration was issued by the British government on November 2, 1917, supporting the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Israel. It marked a significant political milestone in the creation of the State of Israel and is mentioned in the Declaration of Independence.The brief declaration stated that the British government viewed favorably the establishment of a Jewish national home in Israel, provided it did not harm the civil and religious rights of non-Jewish communities in the region.The declaration was signed by Lord Arthur Balfour and delivered to Lord Lionel Rothschild, head of the Zionist Federation in Britain, to pass on to the Zionist Organization.The declaration was the result of years of diplomatic efforts by Dr. Chaim Weizmann during World War I. It was the first international recognition of the Zionist movement, and Jews worldwide celebrated it as a major achievement, fueling their hopes for a Jewish state.

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A Side By Side Timeline Of Jewish History And World History

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Transcript

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1909

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START

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-2700

A Side By Side Timeline Of Jewish History And World History

132

637

Link the photos to their historical milestones, uncover the history behind them, and unlock the stories they tell on a journey through time.

1776

1897

1921

1936

1939-1945

1948

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2700 BCE

3500 BCE

3500 BCE

1523 BCE

3500 BCE

1731 BCE

3100 BCE

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3500 BCE

3500 BCE

Adam and Eve

3100 BCE

2700 BCE

1731 BCE

1653-1506 BCE

1523 BCE

1313 - 1276 BCE

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1200 BCE

1000 BCE

King David makes Jerusalem the capital of the Kingdome

957 BCE

924 BCE

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720 BCE

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720 BCE

640 BCE

597 BCE

586 BCE

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563 BCE

538 BCE

515 BCE

518 365 BCE

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250-65 BCE

332-63 BCE

166-64 BCE

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250-65 BCE

166-64 BCE

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