RUBY BRIDGES

RUBY BRIDGES' WORLD

ART PROJECTTHEMATIQUE : ARTS, RUPTURE ET CONTINUITE / ARTS, ETAT & POUVOIR DOMAINE ARTISTIQUE : LES ARTS DU VISUEL & DU QUOTIDIEN

art project

You are about to discover RUBY BRIDGE'S life in the USA. You will first analyse a painting about her, before discovering plenty of things about her,her life,the artist who painted her and different American landmarks. Who is she ? Why is she on the painting?Who is the artist ?Waht does he want to show and how ?

OBJECTIVES : PRESENT A PAINTING ACCORDING TO THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Décripter une oeuvre ( explicite, implicite ,contexte historique & portée de l'oeuvre)

A) EXPLICITE

B) IMPLICITE

C) CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE - la ségrégation aux Etats-Unis - son origine ( the Jim Crow laws) - un fait réel à l'origine de l'oeuvre - les droits civiques

D) OEUVRE ENGAGEE ? SON AUTEUR & QUELQUES OEUVRES

The problem we all live with, NORMAN ROCKWELL,oil on canvas,1964 story illustration for look magazine, January 14th 1964. NORMAN ROCKWELL MUSEUM, STOCKBRIDGE, MASSACHUSSETS. On loan to the White House from the Norman Rockwell Museum . The painting on display outside the Oval Office from June 22 – October 31, 2011

A) EXPLICIT

COMPLETE THE CENTRES

B) IMPLICIT

COMPLETE THE CENTRES

B) implicit / USEFUL VOCABULARY

1. COLOURS : white , stainless = flawless ( sans tâche) = immaculate, bright . dull = insipid = neutral = pallid colour. greyish writings beige wall

2.BUILD AND HEIGHT : little & fragi le /t all & stout, intimidating.

3. SYMBOLS : purity , innocence, calm, quietness, impassibility, determination. racism , violence, hatred , intolerance, cruelty. to contrast with ,to clash with, to go against.

CONTRAST EXPRESSION - contrary to / unlike / whereas - to contrast with / To stand againt /To clash with /To go against.

4.INTENTION : to denounce , to criticize, to focus on. committed workart /art ( oeuvre engagée)

C)Historical context : SEGREGATION

SEGREGATION

Do you understand the word SEGREGATION ?

C) Historical context : SEGREGATION ORIGIN

1) JIM CROW LAWS

Jim Crow laws were laws in the South based on race. They enforced segregation (separation) between white people and black people in public places such as schools, transportation, restrooms, and restaurants. They also made it difficult for black people to vote.

Most Jim Crow laws were put in place in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Many of them were enforced until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 proclaimed the end of races discrimination.

The name "Jim Crow" comes from an African-American character in a song from 1832. After the song came out, the term "Jim Crow" was often used to refer to African-Americans and soon the segregation laws became known as "Jim Crow" laws.

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JIM CROW LAWS

JIM CROW LAWS

C) Historical context :

2. THE STORY BEHIND RUBY BRIGES, A REAL STORY.

WATCH THE VIDEO AND EXPLAIN BRIEFLY WHAT YOU HAVE UNDERSTOOD ON YOUR COPYBOOK.

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C) Historical context :

3.THE BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

The civil rights movement was a social movement in the United States from 1954 to 1968 which aimed at abolishing legalized racial segregation, discrimination in the country, which most commonly affected African Americans.

MARTIN LUTHER KING was assassinated in 1968.He had delivered his famous speech entitled "I have a dream".

Rosa PARKS refused to leave her seat in 1955 and was arrested.

C) Historical context :

3.THE BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

C) Historical context :

3.THE BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

D) COMMITTED ART ? THE ARTIST'S BIOGRAPHY

NORMAN ROCKWELL ( 1894,1978)

Norman Rockwell was born in New York City on February 3, 1894. From an early age, he knew he wanted to be an artist. Instead of attending ( going to ) a regular high school, he studied at New York’s Art Students League and immediately went to work contributing illustrations to books and magazines. At age 19, he became the art editor for Boy’s Life magazine. For many decades Rockwell’s illustrations appeared on the covers of the leading magazines of his day, including Saturday Evening Post, Leslie’s Weekly, Life, and LOOK. During World War II, he painted the Four Freedoms series, inspired by a speech made by President Franklin Roosevelt. He is best known for his sentimental images of American life, which evoke nostalgia for a time when life was slower, when families spent evenings around the dinner table sharing stories, and feeling safe and happy in their own homes. Yet by the 1960s, the country had changed and so had the artist. Rockwell began to denounce more controversial themes such as poverty and racism in a hyper realistic vein. The Problem We All Live With, published in the magazine "LOOK" in 1964, is about the issue of school segregation.He created it in reaction to the story of a little black girl who was the victim of the Whites'hatred against , because she was going to a school for Whites only.His painting which is extremely popular is a visual commentary on racism. Both his early idyllic and later realistic views of American life represent the artist’s personal portrait of the American nation. Rockwell died on November 8, 1978, at age of 84. He lived through two world wars, painted the portraits of several U.S. presidents, witnessed a man walk on the Moon, and produced more than 4,000 works of art. He is an American icon. No wonder ( no surprise)that, in 2011, President Barack Obama borrowed The Problem We All Live With for a special White House exhibition to commemorate the walk Ruby Bridges took to William Franz Elementary School 50 years earlier. “Rockwell painted the American dream —better than anyone.”—Steven Spielberg

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SOME PAINTINGS OF THE ARTIST.

a A black family moves in in a white neighbourhood.

DUANE HANSON, POLICEMAN AND RIOTER,1967

DUANE HANSON ( 1925-1996 ) was an American figurative sculptor who made sculptures in a hyperealistic way.

Southern Justice,1963 Norman Rockwell.

a A black family moves in in a white neighbourhood.

WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THAT ? IS RACISM OVER?

THE BLACK LIVES MATTER MOVEMENT started in 2013 with a social media hastag #BlackLivesMatter. At first, it fought against racism in the USA but it has become a worldwide protest to stop racism.

"I can't breathe"are GEORGE FLOYD's last words when he died ,being arrested by white policemen in 2020, MINNESOTA.They remain the most disturbing ( dérangeants) words in modern American history.

BEYONCE made a special song called FREEDOM in 2016 for the International Girl's Day at the start.Yet, it became adopted during protests.Kamala HARRIS chose it during his 2024 campaign against TRUMP.

oeuvre & ouverture

WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THAT ?

oeuvre & ouverture

WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THAT ?

oeuvre & ouverture

JAMESTOWN COLONY

THE CIVIL WAR

THE FIRST THANKSGIVING

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

THE FIRST PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON

THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY

O F T H E US A

H I STORY

1607

1621

1774

1789

1861 / 1865

1865

1890

1892 / 1924

1968

2008

1960

1860's

IMMIGRATION LAND

THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD /RECONSTRUCTION

THE LAST INDIAN WAR

JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY

MARTIN LUTHER KING

BARAK OBAMA /KAMALA HARRIS

FOCUS ON ELLIS ISLAND

WATCH THE VIDEO SO AS TO LEARN MORE ABOUT ELLIS ISLAND IMMIGRATION STATION

III. a)SLAVERY ORIGINS / THE TRIANGULAR TRADE

1. What document is it?
2. What continents are represented ?
3. What are the different exchanges ?
4. What is the name of these exchanges?

THE TRIANGULAR TRADE :PASSIVE VOICE

Slavery in America started in the 16th century and was abolished in 1865 when the Civil War was won by the North. The first Black people in the USA came from AFRICA , that is why they are called " African Americans".They didn't come to the USA as free persons insofar as they were slaves, on account of ( en raison du ) triangular trade between Europe, Africa and America. The first slaves in American colonies arrived in a Dutch ship in JAMESTOWN ,VIRGINIA in 1619. Over the 200 ( two hundred ) years , around 600,000 ( six hundred thousand) slaves were brought to America in order to work on tobacco , cotton fields,sugar canes and coffee plantations. First of all,slaves were captured in their village in Africa and chained together. They were exchanged for goods such as metals, firearms, beads( perles),alcohols,etc...between the Europeans and the African tribes chiefs.Then, they were packed into dirty boats and carried like cargo across the Atlantic Ocean.This trip from AFRICA was called " The Middle Passage". The conditions on the ship were terrible,awful since slaves were chained up and unable to move.A great deal of them died during the trip owing to ( on account of / because of )disease and starvation.The people who had survived were sold as slaves to plantation owners. The goods they produced were shipped to Europe which grew extremely rich .

iii. a) THE TRIANGULAR TRADE

WATCH THE VIDEO , NOW THAT YOU HAVE COMPLETED THE WORKSHEET.( exercises 1&2 and the grammatical part)

iii. b) SLAVERY & LIFE IN THE PLANTATION.

WATCH THE VIDEO AND COMPLETE THE WORKSHEET.

III b) LIFE ON THE PLANTATION . PASSIVE VOICE,OBLIGATION & INTERDICTION INTO THE PAST.

The slaves were sold like cattle at auction sales.The families COULD often live together but they were often separated. There were two kinds of slaves. In the South many slaves worked in their master's plantation, in tobacco and cotton fields.In 1860, they were around ( about) 4 miliion slaves in the Southern States. Slaves HAD TO work from sunrise to sunset.They were not allowed to arrive too late to the field, they were forbidden to eat for a long time and they couldn't stop.They were whipped if they didn't respect the rules / abide by the law .

LIFE ON THE PLANTATION - LUCKIER SLAVES-

In the North, slaves usually worked in smaller farms.Some of them were house slaves and they were luckier than the fields slaves: they HAD TO work inside their masters'house as servants or nannies.

Slaves didn't have much food and their living quarters were small. A slave family typically could live in a small wood cabin.Most cabins were only one or two rooms, with leaky roofs, drafty walls and dirty floors.Those cabins were set apart from the owners' "Big House" Leaky roofs = toits avec des fuites /Drafty walls = murs qui laissent passer les courants d'air.

THEY HAD NO RIGHT AT ALL ! ABSOLUTE NEGATION.

The colonies established laws regarding( concerning) slaves.Slave owners had absolute powers and slaves had NO right.They could do NOTHING. They could go NOWHERE.They could talk to NOBODY/ NOONE while they were working in the fields.THEY HAD NO RIGHT AT ALL . THEY ABSOLUTELY HAD NO LIBERTY ! EVERYTHING WAS FORBIDDEN .

Some of the laws from the slaves code detailed the punishment for slaves the punishment for slaves who tried to escape.If they were caught they could be lynched, mutilated or even killed.

RECAP.

SLAVES :

- WERE NOT REGARDED AS as human beings . - WERE OFTEN TREATED badly by their owners . - WERE NOT AUTHORIZED TO change masters in case of violence. - WERE SOLD each time their master wanted it . -WERE killed if they wanted to escape . - WERE NOT ALLOWED TO attend church . -WERE NOT GRANTED any salary . - WERE REFUSED education . - WERE NOT PERMITTED TO be married . THEY COULD DO NOTHING ( THEY COULD NOT DO ANYTHING), THEY COULD GO NOWHERE ( THEY COULD NOT GO ANYWHERE) , THEY COULD SEE NOBODY ( NO ONE) THEY COULD NOT TALK TO ANYONE . THEY HAD NO LIBERTY AT ALL !

A LITTLE HOPE : The Underground Railway

The Underground Railroad was not a railway but a secret organization that existed in the United States before the Civil War. The people of the Underground Railroad helped escaped enslaved people from the South to reach places of safety in the North or in Canada, BY GUIDING them or HIDING them. The Underground Railroad used railway terms as code words. The routes to freedom were called “lines.” The hiding places on the lines were called “stations.” The people who moved or hid the enslaved people were called “conductors.” The enslaved people themselves were sometimes called “freight.”

The EXPRESSION OF MEANS

HARRIET TUBMAN 1822 / 1913

THOMAS GARRET 1789 /1871

Many Underground Railroad conductors were followers of the Quaker religion such as the leader Thomas Garrett who is believed to have helped about 2,700 enslaved people escape. Other conductors were Northern Black people. Harriet Tubman, a former enslaved woman, led hundreds of enslaved people to freedom.

THE EMANCIPATOR : ABRAHAM LINCOLN ( 1809-1865)

I do order and declare that all persons held as SLAVES within designated States and parts of states, Are and henceforward Shall be Free.

September 2, 1862.

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

IT IS HIGH TIME IT CHANGED !!!

The Civil rights Movement was a struggle for social justice that took place during the 1950's and 1960's for African Americans to get equal rights.

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The March on Washington, 28 August 1963.

After this speech, John Fitzgerald KENNEDY passed Civil Rights Act in 1964

A PROTEST SONG.

SAM COOKE, A CHANGE IS GONNA COME,1964

I was born by the river In a little tent Oh, and just like the river, I've been running ever since CHORUS It's been a long A long time coming, but I know A change gon' come Oh yes, it will (...) I go to the movie And I go downtown And somebody keep telling me "Don't hang around" CHORUS (...) oh There been times that I thought I couldn't last for long But now, I think I'm able to carry on CHORUS

https://applets.directplateforme.com/Nathan/bbe/9782095002695/63q/index.html

"Tonight, a change has finally come".

Watch the video 1.Who can you see ? 2.What occasion is this ? 3.This part of the speech OBAMA delivers refers to a famous song.Waht song is it ?Who singer is it ? What was the tpoic of the song ?

IS IT OVER ?

25 May 2020 : The death of George Floyd is a case of American police violence in which George Floyd, a black man, dies following his arrest by several police officers including the white police officer Derek Chauvin On 20 April 2021 : Derek Chauvin was convicted on three counts: murder, manslaughter and wilful violence that led to the death of George Floyd This crime has been considered by the majority like a racist crime. It proves that even if in 1964, the desegration has been anounced, there is still inequality between Black and White people in the USA. .

IS IT OVER ? BLACK VOICES MATTER

PORTLAND DEMONSTRATION,2014

MARTIN LUTHER KING

MARTIN LUTHER KING STOOD FOR ( REPRESENTED) THE LEADER OF THE BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS.HE GOT THE NOBEL PRIZE IN AND WAS SHOT IN 1968.

THANKSGIVING

THE YEAR AFTER THEIR ARRIVAL, THE PILGRIMS ORGANISED A BANQUET SO AS TO THANK THE INDIANS WHO HAD HELPED THEM CULTIVATE THE LAND , GROW CORN , FISH AND HUNT. THE FIRST THANKSGIVING TOOK PLACE IN 1621 WITH THE WAMPANOAG TRIBE. THEY WERE GRATEFUL TO THE INDIANS WHO HAD HELPED THEM SURVIVE .

FROM 1892 TO 1954, MORE THAN 12 MILLION IMMIGRANTS CAME TO THE USA THROUGH( VIA ) ELLIS ISLAND. IT WAS AN IMMIGRATION STATION AND RECEPTION CENTRE LOCATED IN UPPER NEW YORK BAY. THE AIM CONSISTED IN REGULATING IMMIGRATION WHICH WAS MAINLY FROM NORTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. PEOPLE ARRIVING ONBOARD SHIPS HAD TO UNDERGO SANITARY INSPECTIONS ( ON THE SHIP FOR THE 1st AND 2nd CLASS PASSENGERS ) OR AT ELLIS ISLAND STATION FOR THE 3rd CLASS PASSENGERS. IF IMMIGRANTS'S PAPERS WERE IN ORDER, THE INSPECTION PROCESS LASTED 3 TO 5 HOURS. DOCTORS WOULD CHECK PEOPLE'S TEETH, PEOPLE'S EYESIGHT. THEY WOULD E MAKE SURE THE IMMIGRANTS WERE IN GOOD SHAPE AND HEALTHY. IT IS WAS NOT THE CASE, DOCTORS WOULD EXCLUDE THE PERSON FROM ENTRY ( IF THEY HAD A CONTAGIOUS DISEASE FOR EXAMPLE THAT COULD ENDANGER OTHERS).ONLY 2 PERCENT WERE EXCLUDED. IMMIGRANTS ALSO HAD TO ANSWERS A SERIES OF QUESTIONS. IF EVERYTHING WAS ALL RIGHT, THEY COULD START A NEW LIFE IN THE USA WITHIN A FEW HOURS!

JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY

JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY ( MAY 29,1917 BROOKLINE, MASSACHUSSETS- NOVEMBER 22, 1963 DALLAS, TEXAS ) WAS THE 35 TH PRESIDENT OF THE USA WHEN HE WON THE ELECTIONS IN 1960. HE HAD TO FACE A GREAT DEAL OF CRISES.

THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD

AMERICA'S FIRST TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD WAS BUILT IN THE 1860's ( BETWEEN 1863 AND 1869) BY 2 MAIN RAILROAD COMPANIES. IT WAS MORE THAN 3 THOUSAND KILOMETRES LONG AND CONNECTED THE EASTERN COAST TO THE WESTERN COAST. THIS HUGE PROJECT WAS BOOSTED BY THE GOLD RUSH ( AFTER GOLD WAS FOUND IN CALIFORNIA in 1849 ) AND THOMAS JEFFERSON MADE IT POSSIBLE.

JAMESTOWN COLONY

JAMESTOWN COLONY WAS FOUNDED BY THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLERS WHO HAD LEFT ENGLAND IN MAY 1607, 2 CENTURIES AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS IN 1492.AFTER THEM, 102 PILGRIMS LEFT ENGLAND ONBOARD THE MAYFLOWER SHIP IN ORDER TO FLEE RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE . THE TRIP TOOK 66 DAYS FROM SEPTEMBER, 16th TO NOVEMBER 21st 1620.THEY WERE CALLED THE PILGRIM FATHERS.

BLACK PEOPLE AT THE PRESIDENCY !

Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who became the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he turned out to be the first African-American president. Kamala Devi Harris (born October 20, 1964) is an American politician and attorney who served as the 49th vice president of the United States from 2021 to 2025 under President Joe Biden. She was the first female U.S. vice president, first African-American and the first Asian-American vice president, making her the highest-ranking female and Asian American official in U.S.history.A member of the Democratic Party, she was the party's nominee in the 2024 presidential election.

JAMESTOWN COLONY WAS FOUNDED BY THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLERS WHO HAD LEFT ENGLAND IN MAY 1607, 2 CENTURIES AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS IN 1492.AFTER THEM, 102 PILGRIMS LEFT ENGLAND ONBOARD THE MAYFLOWER SHIP IN ORDER TO FLEE RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE . THE TRIP TOOK 66 DAYS FROM SEPTEMBER, 16th TO NOVEMBER 21st 1620.THEY WERE CALLED THE PILGRIM FATHERS.

THE LAST INDIAN WAR.

WOUNDED KNEE MASSACRE MARKED THE END OF INDIAN WARS , ON DECEMBER,29th 1890 .THIS MASSACRE SLAUGHTERED ( SAVAGELY KILLED ) ABOUT 150 SIOUX , IN SOUTH DAKOTA. IT PUT AN END TO INDIAN RESISTANCE TO RESERVATION LIFE .

THE YEAR AFTER THEIR ARRIVAL, THE PILGRIMS ORGANISED A BANQUET SO AS TO THANK THE INDIANS WHO HAD HELPED THEM CULTIVATE THE LAND , GROW CORN , FISH AND HUNT. THE FIRST THANKSGIVING TOOK PLACE IN 1621 WITH THE WAMPANOAG TRIBE. THEY WERE GRATEFUL TO THE INDIANS WHO HAD HELPED THEM SURVIVE .

THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY

ON DECEMBER 18 th 1865, SLAVERY BECAME OFFICIALLY ABOLISHED THANKS TO THE 13th AMENDMENT WHICH WAS ADOPTED AS PART OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION. THE AMENDMENT FREED MORE THAN 100,000 ENSLAVED PEOPLE , FROM KENTUCKY TO DELAWARE.

GEORGE WASHINGTON

GEORGE WASHINGTON BECAME THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF AMERICA IN 1789.

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS SIGNED ON JULY,4th 1776 AND WRITTEN BY THOMAS JEFFERSON,AMONG OTHERS. THE AIM WAS TO DECLARE THE FIRST 13 COLONIES CREATED IN AMERICA INDEPENDENT FROM ENGLAND. THE SIGNERS OF THIS DECLARATION ARE KNOWN AS THE FOUNDING FATHERS .

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FROM 1892 TO 1954, MORE THAN 12 MILLION IMMIGRANTS CAME TO THE USA THROUGH( VIA ) ELLIS ISLAND. IT WAS AN IMMIGRATION STATION AND RECEPTION CENTRE LOCATED IN UPPER NEW YORK BAY. THE AIM CONSISTED IN REGULATING IMMIGRATION WHICH WAS MAINLY FROM NORTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. PEOPLE ARRIVING ONBOARD SHIPS HAD TO UNDERGO SANITARY INSPECTIONS ( ON THE SHIP FOR THE 1st AND 2nd CLASS PASSENGERS ) OR AT ELLIS ISLAND STATION FOR THE 3rd CLASS PASSENGERS. IF IMMIGRANTS'S PAPERS WERE IN ORDER, THE INSPECTION PROCESS LASTED 3 TO 5 HOURS. DOCTORS WOULD CHECK PEOPLE'S TEETH, PEOPLE'S EYESIGHT. THEY WOULD E MAKE SURE THE IMMIGRANTS WERE IN GOOD SHAPE AND HEALTHY. IT IS WAS NOT THE CASE, DOCTORS WOULD EXCLUDE THE PERSON FROM ENTRY ( IF THEY HAD A CONTAGIOUS DISEASE FOR EXAMPLE THAT COULD ENDANGER OTHERS).ONLY 2 PERCENT WERE EXCLUDED. IMMIGRANTS ALSO HAD TO ANSWER A SERIES OF QUESTIONS. IF EVERYTHING WAS ALL RIGHT, THEY COULD START A NEW LIFE IN THE USA WITHIN A FEW HOURS!

THE CIVIL WAR

THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN STATES FOUGHT DURING THE CIVIL WAR ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR DIFFERENT POSITION ABOUT SLAVERY. THE NORTHERN STATES WANTED ITS ABOLITION ,UNLIKE ( CONTRARY TO ) THE SOUTHERN STATES. INDEED, THERE WERE MANY COTTON AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS IN THE SOUTH. THE ELECTION AS PRESIDENT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1860 LED TO THE CIVIL WAR BECAUSE HE WAS A MEMBER OF THE ANTISLAVERY REPUBLICAN PARTY.