Los materiales:

Materials

A proyect made by: David Medina.

Index:

• Stone:

• The wood:

• The metals:

• Glass:

• The plastics:

• Ceramics:

• Textiles:

The wood

• Wood is a plant-based raw material. We take it from behind the bark of trees. It's made of (cellulose fibres).

• The process of obtaining wood:

• There are two tipes:

1. Logging and pruning: They cut off all its branches to produce to produce a log(tronco) (pruning).
2. Transportacion: They take them to a sawmill by road
3. Stripping the bark: Next, they put the logs into a bark- tripping machine.
4. Making planks(tablones): In the sawmill, they cut the logs into the lengths we need.
5. Drying: They reduce the amount of water in it.
6. Planing: Planer machines eliminate rough surfaces and ensure(asegurar) the planks are the exact dimensions they want.

1. Hardwood:

2. Softwood:

• Beech: This is used for

furnitures, floors, turned wood...

• Pine: This is used for

furnitures, boats and floors.

• White fir: This is used for construction,

boats, furnitures, carpentry...

• Oak: This is used for

furnitures and construction.

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Join wood:

Nails:

Screws:

Nails. There are many different types, such as common nail, finishing, round wire and oval wire.

• Tools:

1. Screwdrivers. These have flat (slotted) or star-shaped points. We use them to insert and remove screws.

• Tools:

• Power tools:

2. Screws. These are usually round, cylindrical, hexagonal or countersunk (the top is level with the surface of the wood).

1. Carpenter's hammer:

Electric screwdriver. This has a motor in the handle. We can use it with different heads to tighten or loosen screws.

2. Ball pein hammer:

3. Spanners. We use these to tighten and loosen nuts and bolts. We can use the adjustable wrench for different-sized nuts and bolts.

3. Claw hammer:

4. Using a hammer:

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The metals:

• Metal is obtained from ore.

• Metal can be differentiated into several types:

1. Steel:

2. Aluminium:

3. Titanium:

• This is an alloy of iron and carbon made in a furnace(horno). It's tough and resistant to traction. They use this in construction, in machines, tools...

• Very resistant to corrosion, this metals is light is a good electrical and thermal conductor. They use it in aeroplanes, cars, bikes...

• This metal is light, very hard and resistant. They use it in the aerospace industry, architectural structures...

5. Tin:

6. Lead:

4. Zinc:

• This metal is soft, malleable and resistant to oxidation. We use it ta make tin foil and tin cans.

• This metal is soft, heavy and has a lot of plasticity. We use it in batteries and accumulators and in protection against nuclear radiacion.

• This metal is fragile. They use it for cladding buildings(revestimiento de edificios), drainpipes(tuberías)...

8. Brass:

7. Cooper:

9. Bronze:

• This is an alloy of iron and carbon made in a furnace(horno). It's tough and resistant to traction. They use this in construction, in machines, tools...

• This is an alloy of copper and zinc. It's very resistant to corrosion. We use it in decorative items, cutlery, pipes, turbines and capacitors.

• This metal is soft, malleable and resistant to oxidation. We use it ta make tin foil and tin cans.

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Joining metal:

We can join them together using temporary or permanent joints.

Temporary joints:

1. Nuts and bolts:

2. Screws:

3. Stay bolts:

• The bolts go through the pieces we want to join. We use washers so that the piece doesn't break or the nut doesn't get loose.

• Screws fix one piece to another where there's a threaded hole. If the screw makes the thread as we put it into the piece, we call it a self-tapping screw.

• This bolt has grooves at both ends, but the middle section is smooth.

4. Keyed joints:

5. Splined shafts:

6. Sliding joints:

• With a piece of metal called a key, we can join two objects by putting the key in a groove.

• The two round pieces have grooves so that they fit together when joined. This joint allows the pieces to turn.

• These allow two objects that are joined together to move or slide over each other.

Permanent joints:

Welding and soldering are processes used to join metal together by applying pressure and heat on the surface.

• Soft soldering:

We use an electric soldering iron at a temperature of 400 °C on a tin-lead alloy.

Plastics:

• Plastics are materials made up of long chains of atoms, the main element of which is usually carbon.

• Most plastics are made from compounds derived from petroleum, natural gas, or carbon.

• Thermoplastics soften when heated.

Name:

Properties:

Uses:

1. Impermeable
2. Transparent
3. Light

• Packaging for food, drinks and hygiene products, cosmetics and cleaning products.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

1. Rigid
2. Resistant

• Buckets, containers, bottles, toys and packaging for detergents, hygiene products and medicines.

1. Wide range of hardness
2. Impermeable

• Blinds, windows, covers of cables, pipes, shoe soles, gloves, waterproof coats, etc.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

• Transparent films for packaging, bags,

glasses and plates.

Low density polyethylene (LDPE)

1. Soft and light 2. Transparent

Polypropylene (PP)

1. Flexible
2. Chemical resistant
3. Surface hardness

• Caps and plugs, bottles, packaging for hygiene products and medicines, carpet threads and rope, etc.

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Textiles:

• We use textiles in the form of threads to make fabrics. Textiles can be natural or synthetic.

• Natural fibers come from animal, vegetable or mineral raw materials. We clean, untangle and stretch the fibers to make threads of different lengths.

Natural fibres from animals:

1. Wool:

2. Silk:

• This comes mostly from sheep. It's white, black, grey, brownish-grey or yellowish and it's easy to dye. It's very elastic and is resistant to acids.

• This is taken from a liquid substance that some worms secrete. It becomes solid once it's in the air.

It's very resistant and it's also elastic. It's good for thermal and electrical insulation.

Natural fibres from plants:

1. Cotton:

2. Linen:

• It comes from the fruit of the cotton plant. It's white. It is elastic and flexible, thermal insulating, resistant to acids, light and permeable.

• This comes from the stalk of a plant called linum.

It's white or a golden colour. It's elastic and flexible, a good thermal conductor and resistant to chlorine and bleaches.

3. Esparto grass:

• This comes from the leaves of a grass plant. It's very hard and resistant.

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Natural fibres from minerals:

• Metals. Some metals, such as gold, silver and copper can make threads. We use these to make traditional clothes for festivals and religious events.

Synthetic fibres:

• Synthetic fibres such as nylon or polyester are plastic materials. They're very durable, resistant and impermeable. We often use a mixture of natural and synthetic fibres to produce fabrics.

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Ceramics:

• We get ceramic materials from clay raw materials. We mould the clay and bake it in an oven at very high temperatures, between 700 °C and 1700 °C, depending on the raw material that we're using.

Coarse ceramics (permeable)

Uses:

Types:

• Terracotta. We make this with ordinary matte reddish clay. Terracotta feels hard and rough. It's fragile.

• Bricks, roof tiles, jugs plant pots and

botijos.

• Plates and dishes, ornaments and

bathroom tiles.

• Earthenware. We make this from white clay with silica and feldspar. It feels fine and smooth, and is very hard.

• Interiors of ovens, electrical components and electronics.

• Refractory. We make this from baked clay and metal oxides. It can resist temperatures above 3000 °C.

Fine ceramics (impermeable)

Types:

Uses:

• Stoneware. This is made from refractory clay. It looks shiny, it's very hard (it can scratch glass) and is dense.

• Very hard and resistant floor and

wall tiles, pipes and bricks.

• Porcelain. This is made from white clay called china clay (kaolinite). It can be translucent. It's very dense and so hard you can't scratch it with steel. It's also resistant to acids.

• Plates and dishes, ornaments, electrical insulators, bathroom fittings and material for the chemical industry.

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Stone and glass:

• The stone materials come from the rock. They are found in nature, such as marble or granite, and fragments of different sizes and shapes produced by erosion in rivers.

• Natural rocks don't need chemical treatments.

2. Marble:

3. Granite:

1. Limestone:

4. Slate:

• This is porous and has a whitish colour. We use it in the construction of buildings, ports and sculptures. We also use it to obtain lime and to make cement.

• This is very thick, hard and highly resistant. We use it to cover floors and walls and to make kitchen surfaces. We also use it for architecture and sculptures.

• This is very firm and highly resistant. We use it to cover floors and walls. We also use it for kitchen surfaces and sculptures.

• This is dense, compact and impermeable. We use it to cover roofs and make pavements.

• Binders are materials that we mix with water to make a paste that goes hard.

3. Cement:

2. Lime:

4. Mortar:

1. Plaster:

• We obtain lime from limestone. It regulates moisture and is resistant to bacteria. We use it to cover exterior walls.

• It is a mixture of limestone, clay and gypsum. It's very hard. We use it to make sheets, pipes... We also use it as a binder in other building materials and to make mortar.

• It is a mixture of sand and another binder. It's adhesive. We use it to cover walls, as a binder in the manufacture of bricks.

• This comes from gypsum stone. It is soluble, adhesive and resistant to compression. We use it to clad ceilings and walls, to make prefabricated panels, etc.

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Artificial rocks are a mixture of binders with fibres or sand and gravel.

• Concrete. This is a mixture of gravel, sand and cement. It's very resistant to compression, but has little traction. We use it for foundations of buildings. For reinforced concrete, we add steel bars inside the concrete so that it resists traction and compression. We use it to make structural elements, such as joists, columns and slabs. We use reinforced concrete with fibreglass and other insulating materials to make frame panels for buildings.

Glass:

• Glass is a transparent or translucent material.

• It's impermeable and very hard, but also very fragile. It's resistant to chemical agents and is a thermal, electrical and acoustic insulator.

• It comes from a mixture of quartz sand, soda ash and lime, which we melt at 1400 °C.

• We can use it to make windows, windscreens, mirrors, shower screens...

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• It's a substance that forms the skeleton of all plants, and lignin, which makes it rigid and hard.