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Pirámide de necesidades
Marie Rima
Created on November 28, 2024
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Transcript
Transport of
European Grid and Power Consumption
Overview of Electricity Transmission
Difficulties in Electricity Transmission
Electricity
Energy Losses:The efficiency of long-distance transport depends on high-voltage systems. Integration of Renewables:Wind and solar power are intermittent and geographically dispersed, requiring grid flexibility. Grid Overload:During peak demand or cross-border trade, grids can experience bottlenecks or failures. Cybersecurity Threats:Increasing digitalization of grids exposes systems to potential hacking or cyberattacks.
Flow of Electricity:
Production (Generation):Power plants (nuclear, hydroelectric, thermal, wind, solar, etc.) generate electricity.Decentralized systems like micro-generators or cogeneration supplement the grid. Transmission:High-Voltage (HV) and Extra-High-Voltage (EHV) lines transport electricity over long distances. Transformer substations step up the voltage for transmission. Distribution:Regional distribution networks step down the voltage for public distribution. Consumption:Final users include households, industries, and tertiary sectors.
European Grid (ENTSO-E) Map Features:
- The European grid is interconnected across 35 countries under the ENTSO-E framework.
- Major interconnectors link France, Germany, the UK, Spain, Italy, and neighboring countries.
- France: ~450 TWh (major nuclear energy producer).
- Germany: ~500 TWh (transitioning from coal to renewables).
- United Kingdom: ~290 TWh (mix of gas, nuclear, and renewables).
- Italy: ~300 TWh (imports a significant share).
- Spain: ~260 TWh (growing renewable sector).
- Nordic Countries: ~400 TWh collectively (strong hydropower usage).
- Eastern Europe: Lower consumption but rapid grid upgrades.