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THE CRISES OF THE 14TH CENTURY

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THE GREAT FAMINE In 1315, Europe experienced record rainfall that caused widespread crop failures. The famine lasted for several years, resulting in severe hardships and significant loss of life.

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Known as the Black Death, the plague arrived in Europe in 1347. It was spread by fleas carried on rats and caused massive devastation, killing between one-third and half of the population. The estimated death toll ranges from 4 million to 2.5 million people.

WARS AND CONFLICTS •The Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) between France and England was one of the most significant conflicts of the period. •Other wars included tensions in Scandinavia (Denmark and Sweden), Mongol invasions in Eastern Europe, the Reconquista in Spain against Muslims, and Scotland’s struggle for independence from England. •These conflicts caused widespread destruction and high mortality.

WESTERN SCHISMThe Western Schism divided Europe politically and religiously. •In 1305, Pope Clement V moved the papacy to Avignon, France, where it remained for most of the century. In 1377, Pope Gregory XI moved the papacy back to Rome, but he died shortly after. •This led to the election of two popes: Urban VI (in Rome) and Clement VII (in Avignon), creating a split. •Later, in 1409, another pope, Alexander V, was elected at Pisa, adding further confusion. The schism ended in 1417 with the election of Pope Martin V. •The division caused widespread anxiety and weakened trust in the Church. •Countries under the French papacy included France, Spain, Scotland, and southern Italy, while northern Italy, England, and Ireland supported the Roman papacy.