3º ESO. UNIT 3. THE ECONOMIC SECTORS

UNIT 3. THE ECONOMIC SECTORS

The world's food

The primary sector

Silviculture: it is the practice of controlling the growth, composition and the quality of forests.

Silviculture

Fishing

Livestock farming

Agriculture

1. What factors influence farming?

NATURAL FACTORS

• Altitude, orientation and slope influence farming.
• Lower-lying areas are more suitable for arable crops.
• Slopes that face the sun, with higher temperatures, are particularly good for arable farming.
• Flat areas are more favourable. Terraces are sometimes built to cultivate slopes.

Relief

For example, rice needs water and high temperatures.

Climate

• It is the main factor affecting farming.
• Each plant and livestock species requires certain temperature and humidity levels.
• Each climate is therefore associated with specific crops and types of livestock.

NATURAL FACTORS

• Availability of both surface and groundwater determines which crops can be grown.
• Overuse of irrigation systems may deplete rivers and groundwater.
• Irrigation methods that maximise water are becoming more widespread in certain parts of the world.

Water

For example, rice needs water and high temperatures.

Soil

Their use depends on:

• Texture (ability to retain water)
• Depth.
• Amount of organic and mineral matter.
• Acidity, which limits soil fertility.

Hydroponic crop: it is a method of growing plants without soil, by using a nutrient-rich water solution.

HUMAN FACTORS

Technology has helped overcome certain geographic limitations:

• Lack of water, use of irrigation systems.
• Low temperatures, use of greenhouses.
• Land scarcity, growing hydroponic crops.
• Limits of human strength, use of machines.

Technological development

Demographic pressure

• Highly populated areas require intensive farming to feed all the inhabitants.
• Extensive farming is more common in less populated areas.

HUMAN RESOURCES

Historical, economic and political factors

• Subsistence farms cultivate a wide variety of plants, while commercial farms are more specialised.
• The crops also vary based on labour costs and the availability of subsidies.

4. How are crops cultivated around the world?

According to crop diversity:

According to irrigation:

Polyculture

A variety of crops.

Monoculture

One single crop.

Rainfed

These rely exclusively on rainwater.

CULTIVATION METHODS

Irrigated

They grow thanks to the artificial supply of water.

STARDEW VALLEY

Extensive farming: it is a method that uses traditional techniques and less labour and investment in large areas of land.

Intensive farming: it is a method that uses a lot of machinery, labour and chemicals in order to grow as many crops or keep as many animals as possible.

TYPES OF LAND USE

Traditional farming methods

• Mainly used for subsistence or, in certain cases, sale at local level.
• Holding are usually small.
• Polyculture is practised in the same field.
• Basic techniques, low mechanisation and no fertilisers.

• Little investment, which limits productivity.

Modern commercial farming

• Products are mainly for sale, sometimes internationally.
• Fields are usually large.
• Monoculture is the most used.
• Use of advance techniques, such as agro-biotechnology and advance fertilisers.
• Mechanisation of farm tasks.
• Large investments, focused on productivity.

Large boats that spend days or weeks at sea.

Deep-sea fishing

It involves large vessels, called factory ships, which may spend months at sea.

Large-scale fishing

It is performed with large boats, complex gear and cutting-edge technology, ensuring large catches. The fish is sold internationally.

Industrial

It involves large vessels, called factory ships, which may spend months at sea.

Simple fishing gear is used, and the catches, which are small, are sold locally.

Small or medium-sized boats that fish near the coast.

Large-scale fishing

Small-scale

Coastal fishing

BASED ON THE TECHNOLOGY USED AND THE DESTINATION OF THE CATCH...

BASED ON THE BOATS USED AN THEIR RANGE...

Fishing metods

THE SECONDARY SECTOR

What activities are associated with the secondary sector?

The secondary sector includes different activities...

Industry

It transforms natural resources and creates new products.

Energy production

It is required to perform work.

Mining

It uses different methods to extract minerals.

Construction

It makes different types of buildings and infraestructure.

CONSUMER GOODS

Food, cars, textiles, consumer electronics, etc.

INTERMEDIATE GOODS

Machinery for other industries, engines and transport materials, construction materials, etc.

BASIC

Steel, metal, petrochemicals, cement, etc.

The products they manufacture

Industry can be classified according to:

HIGH TECHNOLOGY

Microelectronics, robotics, etc.

Technical development

Industry can be classified according to:

MATURE

Steel, textile, etc.

LIGHT

For example, consumer goods.

A middle point between heavy and light.

MEDIUM-HEAVY

The quantity of raw materials

Industry can be classified according to:

HEAVY

It is the composed by most of the basic and intermediate goods industries.

SMALL

Fewer than 50 workers.

Between 50 and 1000 workers.

MEDIUM

Size

Industry can be classified according to:

LARGE

Over 1000 workers.

Where are industrial areas located?

Economic factors

Factors of industrial location

Natural factors

• Proximity to natural resources and energy sources helps lower production costs.

• They are not important nowadays because the development of means of transport.

• Availability of capital (money).

• Transport infrastructure is also necessary to connect industrial production with consumer markets.

SHENZHEN, THE CHINESE CITY CONQUERING THE WORLD WITH ITS TECHNOLOGY

What are the world's largest industrial regions?

Emerging industrial regions

Traditional industrial regions

They have played a key role in industry but their importance is decreasing in the last years.

They have appeared in recent decades and their importance is increasing. The most important is China (world's leading industrial power) but also South Korea, Brazil and countries of South East Asia.

• In LEDCs, workers are overexploited because where there are fewer laws ensuring welfare and fair pay.

• In MEDCs, there are important loss of jobs, so unemployement rase increases.

Negative effects for workers

Industrial relocation: The process by which a company relocates its production sites to other countries, where costs are lower and workers have fewer rights.

Industrial relocation

Positive effects for companies and their owners

Like the lower production costs because workers' salaries are lower and environmental laws are not very demanding.

Smog: a mixture of smoke, gases, and chemicals, especially in cities, that makes the atmosphere difficult to breathe.

• Secondary activities have a high environmental impact, due to emissions and overexploitation of raw materials.

• In MEDCs, there are laxer laws, leading to pollution, deforestation or phenomenons like smog.

• Also, transporting products thousand of kilometres results in increased emissions.

• It is really important to change our economic system to achieve environmental sustainability.

Enviromental consequences

WHAT'S BEHIND OUR MOBILE PHONES?

An interconnected world

THE TERTIARY SECTOR

HOW IMPORTANT IS THE SERVICE SECTOR?

Basic services

They ensure people's welfare and social organisation (healthcare, education, justice...)

Distribution services

They heltp to move people, goods and information (transport, telecomunnications, etc)

Business services

Services needed by companies, like managemente, advertising...

Consumer services

Activites such as leisure, hospitality, retail...

Activities of tertiary sector

Activities of tertiary sector

Provided by private companies and paid by the consumers.

Private services

Public services

Provided by the state and funded with taxes, such as healthcare, education, social services...

Activities of tertiary sector

ECONOMIC TERTIARISATION

Economic tertiarisation: it is an economic transition in which the tertiary sector becomes the basis of a country's employment and wealth.

It is due especially to the expansion of welfare state, the economic development, the increased demand to outsource service and the growth of the urban population

Why is transport a strategig sector?

• Economic: it connects producers with consumers. Transport is also crucial for sectors such as trade and tourism.

• Political: transport networks helps territories and their inhabitants. Some countries also have strategically important routes.

• Social: it brings different territories and cultures into contact.

FUNCTIONS OF TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT NETWORKS

Intermodal transport: it is the process of using two or more means of transport in a journey.

• They consist of a series of nodes or hubs (e.g. cities, ports, airports, etc.), joined by axes or routes (roads, air and sea routes, etc.).

• Transport networks have grown due to globalisation, industrial relocation, lower transport costs and e-commerce.

• Accesibility depends on them.

RoAD

RAIL

SEA/RIVER

2021 Suez Canal obstruction

AIR

what impact does tourism have?

• Welfare state expansion (paid holidays, greater purchasing power...).

• Cheaper and faster transport.

• More tourism services, such as accomodation options.

GROWTH OF TOURISM

Touristification: process of transformation of a place into a tourist space. Usually, it led to negative consequences to the local population.

Tourism has become a mass phenomenon because:

• Economic impact: it increases economic activity due to the demand for goods and services. This contributes to the creation of employment and the influx of foreign currency.

• Demographic impact: there is a population growth. It is crucial for rural areas.

• Sociocultural impact: it promotes contact with other cultures, heritage preservation, opportunities for language practice...

POSITIVE EFFECTS

• Economic impact: prices are pushed up, especially in the real-estate sector. Jobs created by tourism are usually low-skilled and low-wage, especially in Spain.

• Environmental impact: it reduces natural areas and increases land and water pollution and noise.

• Sociocultural impact: there is a loss of identity among local communities and decreases the quality of life of residents. Cities become amusement parks for tourists

NEGATIVE EFFECTS