Presentación Tiza y Pizarra

Introducción y características:

MÚSICA EN EL BARROCO

by Olaya Guerra Villegas

+ en la diapositiva 5.

¿CÓMO ERA LA MÚSICA EN EL BARROCO?

Se desarrolla entre 1600 y 1700, siglos XV y XVI. Se inicia en Italia y se difunde por toda Europa.

Sus principales representantes en los países son...

Italia: Vivaldi, Albinoni y Corelli.Inglaterra: Purcell y Haendel. España: Scarlatti, Cabanilles y Soler. Francia: Lully y Couperin. Alemania: Bach y Telemann.

¿Cuál era la función de la música?

1) Los gobernantes la usaban como manifestación de su poder y riqueza; la iglesia, como medio para llegar a los fieles.2) El músico, a pesar de ser un profesional cualificado, era un sirviente que vivía en el palacio de su protector (mecenas).

Características de la música en el barroco

El estilo era concertante, basada en los contrastes entre un solista y la orquesta. Tenía gusto por los contrastes (en el ritmo, tempo, melodía...), la expresión de sentimientos (SUSPIRATIO) y la ornamentación. Tenía una técnica Bajo continuo (voz grave sobre la que se interpretan acordes). La voz o el instrumento realizaba la melodía principal, y los demás, el acompañamiento (monodía). Los instrumentos más importantes eran el violín e instrumentos de teclado como el clave.

Características de la música en el barroco

Nace la ópera y la zarzuela.Formas instrumentales: tocata, fuga, preludio, concierto grosso y solista, suite. Formas vocales: coral, cantata, oratorio, pasión y ópera.

secularmusic. ------ ópera

(música profana)

OPERA

Opera combines music, poetry, drama and dance with elaborate costumes and scenery to create a spectacular form of entertainment. In an opera there are soloist singers, choirs and an orchestra. Normally, an opera is divided in three acts.

OPERA elements

Recitative. Usually only one singer. Sings very cleary, almost like speaking. Accompanied by a HARPSICHORD. Aria. Singing more expressive. 1, 2, 3 or even 4 people can sing it at the same time. Chorus. A group of people singing (more than 5).

OPERA elements

Instrumental parts:Overture. Instrumental piece by the orchesta. Only at beginning of the opera. Instrumental passages. Instrumental piece between singing parts.

first opera

The first opera ever performed was L`Orfeo by Monteverdi. The libretto (the text) is based on the mythological legend of Orpheus which tells how Orpheus saved his wife Eurydice from death with his music. In the Baroque era, it was very common to use mythological tragedies for the plot.

where were the operas perfermed?

The first operas were performed in the palaces or homes of wealthy noblemen, but, as they became more popular, public theatres were built to allow more people to see the show (by buying a ticket).

castrati

As the Church didn’t allow women to sing, the highest voices were performed by castrati, young men castrated when they were boys to preserve the high pitch of their voices. One famous castrati was Farinelli, who worked at King Philip V’s court for several years to cure his sadness.

religious music.

Oratorio, passion, cantata and choral

oratorio

An ORATORIO is a piece of religious music for a choir, solo voices, and orchestra. There is also a narrator. It includes the same types of elements found in opera - recitatives, arias, choruses and instrumental passages - but it was performed without acting, costumes, or sets. The text is based on a dramatic story from the Bible. One of the most famous oratorios is “The Messiah”, by Haendel, whose chorus “Hallelujah” is very well known.

passion

The PASSION is a musical piece very similar to the oratorio BUT the text is based on Christ’s passion, that is, the events of his last few days, including the crucifixion. It was part of church services for Holy Week (semana santa) (usually Good Friday- viernes santo). Johann Sebastian Bach composed several Passions.

cantatas & chorals

CANTATAS were very similar to oratorios but much shorter. They were part of Protestant church services. CHORALS were songs for a mixed four voice choir accompanied by the organ. They were sung during Protestant church services. The congregation often sang along with the choir.

instrumental music.

SONATA, SUITE, CONCERTO, TOCCATA, PRELUDE AND FUGUE

tocata & prelude

Toccata (literally "piece to be played") and prelude were short musical pieces, usually for keyboard instruments (HARPSICHORDS, ORGANS) , used as an introduction of a bigger piece, normally a fugue. They were composed to show the habilities of the performer, and they usually have sections in which the musician improvised with their instrument.

sonata

A sonata (literally "piece to be sounded") is an instrumental composition for one, two or three instruments. The sonata had three or four movements that contrasted in tempo and texture. The tempo of the movements followed a slow-fast-slow-fast plan. Harpsichords were used to play the continuo basso in a sonata.

sonata

A fugue is a complex polyphonic composition based on the development of two motives in different voices. One motif is IMITATED and looks like a persecution of one voice to another.

suite

A suite is a composition based on several dance pieces, usually with contrasting tempos (different SPEED). In the Baroque, it was performed not only for dancing but as a musical piece, by both chamber ensembles and full orchestras. There was no standard number or order for the dance movements in the suites. Usually the movements were in the same key. Some of the most common movements or dances were allemande (slow) courante (fast), sarabande (slow) and gigue (fast).

concerto

A concerto is a musical piece for orchestra and soloist. It is a DIALOGUE between the soloist and the rest of the ORCHESTRA. Two types of baroque concertos: The SOLO CONCERTO was a concerto for one instrument and an orchestra. It was written in three movements using a fast-slow-fast plan. The CONCERTO GROSSO consisted of a group of two, three or four solo instruments (called concertino) playing in opposition to the orchestra as a whole (tutti).

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