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WORKING CHILDREN

CHILD LABOR

According to recent estimates by the International Labour Organization (ILO), there are still 152 million children — 68 million girls and 88 million boys — who are victims of child labour.

Child labor or child exploitation is defined as any work activity that prohibits study and freedom in the juvenile stage, dignity and negatively affects their psycho-physical development. Generally, all forms of work performed by minors below a minimum age established by law, which can vary from country to country, are defined as child labor. Child labor is a phenomenon of global dimensions.

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DANJEROUS JOBS

"Hazardous" work is defined by the ILO's 1999 "Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation" as any type of work that undermines the physical, mental, safety and moral health of the child employed.Hazardous work includes work that: exposes children to physical, psychological or sexual abuse; work carried out underground, under water, at dangerous heights and in confined spaces; work carried out using dangerous machinery, equipment and tools or involving the handling or transport of heavy loads; work carried out in an unhealthy environment that exposes children, for example, to dangerous substances, agents or processes or to temperatures, noise or vibrations that are prejudicial to health; work carried out in particularly difficult conditions, for example long hours, night work or work that forces the child to remain unjustifiably on the employer's premises.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS

Children and adolescents have always worked, but the phenomenon was not considered a social problem until after the advent of the industrial revolution, which introduced working times and methods never seen before in the history of humanity, which were highly penalizing for the worker. The industrial revolution occurred primarily in the United Kingdom and France at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. While many factories, mines or building sites employed workers en masse, these, often with large families to support and in low living conditions, encouraged their children to go with them to the factory, in the same poor conditions as adults.

ENTITà DEL FENOMENO

Child labor became widespread, although the number of children employed varied across industries and time periods. In a study published in 2010, British professor Jane Humphries found that child labor was much cheaper and more common than previously thought. She estimated that at the beginning of the 19th century, England had more than a million child workers, or 15 percent of the total workforce. English industrial development would not have been as strong if it had not been for this huge number of children held in slavery.

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