Copy - Mental Health Care & Stigma

2024

1943

1908

1843-1856

1810

1780

1949

1955

1963

1970-1981

1990-2014

References

Jonathan Kline (jkline15@students.towson.edu), Emily Marlatt (emarla1@students.towson.edu), Vashti Odom (vodom3@students.towson.edu), Holly Scott (hscott12@students.towson.edu), Kimberly Yupa-Cuzco (kyupacu1@students.towson.edu)

Mental Health Care & Stigma

Peer Groups and The Modern Era

1990- New Research bolsters support for the idea of peer recovery groups. 2014 through 2018- Early intervention for psychosis is supported by the feds, and by 2018, 160 million is invested in early treatment of psychosis

The Biden-Harris administration strives to lower mental health costs by developing better access to mental health and substance use care. In 2024, they placed a new requirement on health plans that will allow for strengthened access to mental health care for 175 million Americans. These new requirements will help more Americans get the care they need as well as ensuring that care professionals are paid fairly. Hopefully, this effort will incentivize more people to join the mental health workforce.

Lower Mental Health Care Cost

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1949

National institute of Mental health is established (George et at. 2023) The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was established in 1949 following the National Mental Health Act of 1946, signed by President Harry S. Truman. The act aimed to improve mental health services, promote research, and train mental health professionals. Post-World War II awareness of psychological trauma highlighted the need for better mental health care. NIMH became part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), focusing on mental health research, education, and community-based care, driving significant advancements in the field.

About mental health. (2024, August 8). Mental Health. https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/about/?CDC_AAref_Val=https:// www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, June 27). Mental health. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/mental-health/ George, P., Jones, N., Goldman, H., & Rosenblatt, A. (2023, March 22). Cycles of reform in the history of psychosis treatment in the United States. SSM. Mental health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10302760/#:~:text=The%20Moral %20Treatment%20era%20(early,produced%20community%20mental%20health %20centers. Glass, G. D. (2024). Shifting from the Mental Health Crisis Narrative. Journal of College Student Mental Health, 38(4), 788–800. https://doi-org.proxy-tu.researchport.umd.edu/10.1080/28367138.2024.2401958 Lin, J., & Guo, W. (2024). The Research on Risk Factors for Adolescents’ Mental Health. Behavioral Sciences (2076-328X), 14(4), 263. https://doi-org.proxy-tu.researchport.umd.edu/10.3390/bs14040263 Singhal, N. (2024, March). Stigma, prejudice and discrimination against people with mental illness. Psychiatry.org - Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination Warder, G. (2024, January 19). Dix, Dorthea Lynde. Social Welfare History Project. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/people/dix-dorthea-lynde/ World Health Organization: WHO. (2022, June 17). Mental health. https://www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response Zabelski, S., Hollander, M., & Alexander, A. (2024). Addressing Inequities in Access to Mental Healthcare: A Policy Analysis of Community Mental Health Systems Serving Minoritized Populations in North Carolina. Administration & Policy in Mental Health & Mental Health Services Research, 51(4), 543–553. https://doi- org.proxy-tu.researchport.umd.edu/10.1007/s10488-024-01344-8

References:

Mental Hygiene

Adolf Meyer was a psychiatrist who played a cruical role in the development of Mental Hygiene. This concept refers to the practices and strategies that help to maintain and improve mental health. In 1908, Meyer collborated with Clifford Bears to create the Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene. This organziation speaks to the concept that mental illness can be treated and diagnosed.

Mental Health Reform

Dorothea Dix changed the way people viewed mental health. She challenged 19th century notions of mental health and revolutionized modern day nursing practices for mental health. In 1843, she petitioned the Massachusetts State legislature for a whole reform of treatment for patients suffering from mental illness. Eventually in 1856, she was able to successfully open a hospital in North Carolina for the mentally ill, which was the first of many to come.

The Second Great Awakening - A protestant religious revival moment that profoundly changed the view and stigma around mental health from idea that mental illness was a incurable condition to the enlightening of mental illness being a condition that is treatable human compassion and structed support

Consumer-Survivor-Ex-Patient movement, Carter, and Reagan

1970- The idea of this movement was to reform mental health institutions by improving the quality of life found within the institutions themselves1977- 39th President Jimmy Carter, a peanut farmer from Georgia, forms a presidential council on mental health. Throughout his administration, he sought to bolster support for the mentally ill. 1981- Reagan cuts funding to a previously passed law under the Carter administration, being the Mental Health Services Act to focus on the “War on Drugs”

Introduction to Aslyums - The idea of asylums was to incorporate moral treatment for those with mental illnesses. Asylums aim to introduce daily routines and order and individualizing attention to aid in treatment. Although the goal for these asylums was to provide progressive for the time, these asylums eventually became overcrowded and underfunded, limiting their effectiveness

Medications & Congress

- Thorazine used as the first antipsychotic, replacing previous treatments such as lobotomies for schizophrenia - Mental Health Study Act is passed by congress

1943 PTSD Treatment

In 1943, PTSD (called "shell shock" or "battle fatigue") was seen with limited understanding. Treatment focused on immediate recovery using rest, sedation, and reassurance. Techniques included psychoanalytic talk therapy, group support, and sometimes electroconvulsive therapy. Dr. Erich Lindemann's work emphasized early intervention, addressing trauma through social connections and grief management, laying the groundwork for modern trauma care. However, treatments prioritized short-term over long-term psychological effects which affects were shown later in life.

Community Mental Health Act signed into law by Kennedy, creating the groundwork for building 1500 mental health centers

Community Mental Health Act

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