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Creation of life pt.2

Creation of life

Creation of the earth

Creation of the solar system

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Creation of the universe

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Timeline of events culminating in the appearance of humans

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423 mya

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Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. (n.d.). Human origins. Recuperado de https://humanorigins.si.edu International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). (n.d.). International chronostratigraphic chart. Recuperado de http://www.stratigraphy.org

Creation of life pt.2

Part 2: From the First Terrestrial Vertebrates to Homo sapiens

Carboniferous and Permian Periods (358–252 Ma): The first amphibians gave rise to reptiles, which were better adapted to life on land. Vast swampy forests dominated, forming the coal deposits we use today. Mesozoic Era (252–66 Ma): Dinosaurs ruled the Earth, while early mammals and birds evolved. The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction ended the age of dinosaurs, allowing mammals to diversify. Cenozoic Era, Tertiary Period (66–2.6 Ma): Mammals and birds thrived. Primates appeared, leading to the first hominins, such as Sahelanthropus (~7 Ma), marking the split from chimpanzees. Quaternary Period (2.6 Ma–Present): Homo habilis (~2.4 Ma) used tools, and Homo erectus (~1.9 Ma) spread out of Africa. Homo sapiens (~300,000 years ago) developed language, advanced culture, and became the dominant species.

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National Geographic. (n.d.). Formation of Earth. National Geographic. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/formation-earth/7th-grade/

Creation of the earth

The planet was initially molten, but it cooled over hundreds of millions of years, forming oceans. Heavy elements like iron and nickel sank to the center, causing Earth to differentiate into layers: denser materials formed the core, while lighter materials formed the crust.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (n.d.). Solar System Facts. NASA science. https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/solar-system-facts/

Creation of the solar system

Our solar system formed from a dense cloud of interstellar gas and dust, which collapsed due to the shockwave of a nearby exploding star (a supernova). When this dust cloud collapsed, it formed a solar nebula – a spinning, swirling disk of material. At the center, gravity pulled more material in until the pressure in the core was so great that hydrogen atoms began to combine and form helium, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. With that, our Sun was born, amassing more than 99% of the available matter. Matter farther out in the disk smashed into one another, forming larger objects until some of them grew big enough for their gravity to shape them into spheres, becoming planets, dwarf planets, and large moons. The asteroid belt is made of pieces of the early solar system that could never come together into a planet. Other smaller leftover pieces became asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and small, irregular moons.

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Windley, B. F. (2024, 15 octubre). Archean Eon | Atmosphere, Timeline, and Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Archean-Eon

Creation of life

Part 1: From the Origin of Life to the First Vertebrates

Archaean Eon (4,000–2,500 Ma): Life emerged with simple prokaryotes. Cyanobacteria began photosynthesis, producing oxygen and triggering the Great Oxidation Event, which transformed Earth’s atmosphere. Proterozoic Eon (2,500–541 Ma): The first eukaryotes appeared, leading to more complex life forms. Later, multicellular organisms like algae and animals from the Ediacaran biota emerged. Cambrian Period (541–485 Ma): The Cambrian Explosion saw rapid diversification of life, introducing complex invertebrates like arthropods and early chordates, ancestors of vertebrates. Silurian–Devonian Periods (444–358 Ma): Jawless fish and later jawed fish evolved, becoming the first vertebrates. Plants and arthropods began colonizing land, laying the groundwork for terrestrial ecosystems.

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The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the hypothetical cell from which all life on Earth evolved

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Creation of the universe

The Big Bang Theory suggests that about 13.8 billion years ago, the entire universe began from a dense, extremely hot single spot, where all the universe's matter, energy, and space were compressed with infinite density, temperature, curvature and zero volume. This spot is known as the “singularity,” and it marks the beginning of what we now know as space, time, and matter. As space expanded and cooled down over time, subatomic particles merged to form atoms that later evolved into distant galaxies, stars, and planets. It ultimately shaped our own solar system and the cosmic structure that we have today. Deel, G. L. (2024, May 14). Origin of the Universe: How Did It Begin and How Will It End? Apus.edu; American Public University. https://www.apu.apus.edu/area-of-study/math-and-science/resources/origin-of-the-universe/ ‌

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