CPR

CPR

Gonzalo Sanz, Carlos Campos, Alberto España, Jaime Fernández, Pedro Torres, Alejandro Maroto

INDEX

• CPR in different people

• Introduction

• Preparation for CPR

• Conclusion

• Steps for perform CPR

• Use of the defibrillator

• Basic concepts

• Common mistakes and practical tips

Basic concepts

• CARDIORESPIRATORY ARREST

• ADVANCED CPR

• BASIC CPR

• Vascular system anatomy

VASCULAR SYSTEM ANATOMY

It is crucial to know the anatomy of the vascular system to perform cardiopulmary resuscitation (CPR) compression. Since we try to restore blood circulation and oxygenation of vital organs, specifically brain and heart.Heart: central organ, its function is to pump blood throughout the body. Cavities such as atria and ventricles. Arteries: blood vessels that transport blood, major as the aorta and the lung. Pulmonary circulation: essential cycle where the blood is oxygenated. The lungs intervene.

Cardiorespiratory arrest

Cardiorespiratory arrest begins when the heart and lungs stop working simultaneously. So there is no longer blood flow and oxygen does not reach the tissues.Causes: heart attack (heart attack) due to obstruction of the artery that communicates with the heart. Heart rhythm disorder (arrhythmia) makes it difficult to pump blood. Vascular disease problems in the heart valves. Heart muscle problems to contract. Consequences: brain damage to their cells (brain death), death if we do not manage to reverse the cardiorespiratory arrest, multi-organ damage where not only the brain but also kidneys, liver, etc. are affected.

BASIC CPR

Set of first aid manoeuvres. The basic does not include the use of advanced equipment such as a defibrillator or medications. It can be carried out by anyone who has training and basic knowledge. Steps: secure the area of the scene for the victim and the one who helps. Check the response of the affected person through voice and stimuli. Call emergency services if you are conscious or after having performed manoeuvres for a few minutes if you were alone. Check your breath. Chest compressions: hands on the victim's chest, strong and fast compressions of about 5cm. Speed of 120 compressions per minute. Ventilation: two out of thirty compressions, if you are not sure to perform it with the compressions is enough.

ADVANCED CPR

The technique is carried out in a hospital environment or by trained emergency personnel such as doctors, nurses, etc. Medicines and specific instruments are used. Endotracheal intubation to clear airways by introducing a tube allowing mechanical ventilation. Automatic external defibrillation or manual external defibrillation that applies electrical discharges to the heart in order to restore the rhythm. Medicine like adrenaline the best known. Monitor vital signs.

The person's survival could increase to 15% if CPR maneuvers are performed.

Of people who suffer cardiorespiratory arrest die.

important data

90-95%

10%

For every minute that CPR is delayed, the chances of survival decrease by 10%.

15%

-CPR is the acronym of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and is performed when someone has stopped breathing or the heart has ceased to beat.

- CPR is important because it is a simple technique that everyone can do and can save lives.

¿What is? and importance of CPR in emergencies.

BEFORE PERFORMING CPR, THERE ARE SEVERAL VERY IMPORTANT STEPS TO FOLLOW

PERFORMING CPR

ACTIVATION OF THE EMERGENCY SYSTEM

RECOGNITION OF A CARDIORESPIRATORY ARREST

SCENE EVALUATION

CPR PREPARATION

steps for performing basic rcp

These steps to follow will make CPR successful and without any inconvenience:

• Check for Response and Breathing
• Position the Patient.​
• Chest Compressions: Proper Technique
• Rescue Breaths (Mouth-to-Mouth or Using a Device)
• Compression-to-Ventilation Ratio (30:2)

• If they respond: leave the victim in the position they are in and carry out a continuous assessment, providing solutions to the problems that you detect.
• If he doesn't respond you: Ask for help without abandoning the victim and we will move on to the next step. POSITION THE PATIENT.

Check for Response and Breathing

To do this, we get on our knees and at shoulder height.

Position the Patient

We will place him in a resuscitation position, we will position the patient lying face up with his arms and legs aligned on the floor, with his chest uncovered.And we will begin the thoracic compressionAnd we will begin the CHEST COMPRESSION.

CHEST COMPRESSION

These are the next steps to correctly do CPR:1. Place the victim supine on the floor or on a flat, rigid surface with arms and legs stretched 2. Loosen his clothing and remove anything that could compress his neck. 3. Kneeling next to her, at shoulder height, place the edge of the wrist of one hand on her breastbone. Place the edge of the wrist of the other hand on the back of the first and intertwine the fingers, without resting on the victim's chest. 4. With arms extended and perpendicular to the victim, press and compress the victim's chest in such a way so that the sternum descends 5.Relax the pressure without losing contact with the chest, letting it fully expand between each compression and minimizing interruptions in compressions 6. Perform 30 chest compressions and repeat with one frequency of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. 7.Whenever possible, combine compressions with ventilation or artificial respiration (30 compressions/2 insufflations)

Rescue Breaths (Mouth-to-Mouth)

1. Check that the airway is open. Support the hand on the forehead and cover the nostrils, pinching with the index fingers and thumb. 2. Take a deep breath. 3. Place our mouth covering that of the victim 4. Insufflate as much air as possible into the mouth of the victim and observe if the chest rises. 5. Stop the procedure when the victim is breathing hard. normal and place it in Lateral safety position

Compression-to-Ventilation Ratio (30:2)

This protocol is based on doing 30 chest compressions and two insufflations (mouth to mouth) at a rate between 100 and 120 compressions per minute on the chest until the paramedics arrive.

Rescue Breaths (Using a Device)

1. Place the victim face up on a hard, flat surface and smooth, with the arms extended along the body. 2. Kneel at shoulder height, placing one hand on his forehead and the other on his chin. Tilt the victim's head lean back and raise your chin. The forehead-chin maneuver to open the airway must be performed in less than 10 seconds. If the victim is unconscious, a Guedel cannule.

what is a defibrillator?

is a portable electronic device used to deliver, in a programmed and controlled manner, an electronic shock to a patient or victim in an attempt to reverse cardiac arrhythmia (fibrillation). the defibrillator can be used safely and effectively by non-medical personnel due to its easy handling, following the audio-visual instructions indicated on the device.

Protocol for the use of an AED

1. Initiate CPR in accordance with the standards specified in the BLS.2. Place the open AED next to the victim's head, on the left side, and turn on the AED. 3. Remove any clothing covering the victim's chest. 4. Apply the two electrodes: one under the right clavicle and the other on the left side, approximately 10 centimeters below the armpit. 5. Wait for the device to analyze the victim's heart rhythm. 6. Make sure that no one is touching the victim and, before starting the shock, make a hand signal or shout: “Everybody out!” or “Ready!”. 7. If the defibrillator does not advise shocking, continue with CPR for 2 minutes before performing a new cardiac rhythm analysis heart rhythm analysis. Follow the 30:2 or 15:2, as appropriate.

important data

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Protocol for the use of an AED

8. If the defibrillator advises shock, press the shock button.shock button.9. Resume CPR immediately for 2 minutes (30:2 sequence for adults and 15:2 for children).(30:2 sequence for adults and 15:2 for children). 10. Check the heart rhythm (reanalyze) and, only if indicated, deliver a new shock.shock again if indicated. 11. If the victim recovers, place in PLS. In adults, the electrodes of an AED are placed: one under the right clavicle and one on the left

important data

video

Types of CPR in Different Populations

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-sustaining method, and it differs for different age groups and body types. Chest size, strength, depth of compression, hand position, and technique all vary significantly among men, women, and children and must be adjusted to ensure circulation and ventilation. In the following table, some main differences are pointed out to perform CPR in infant, child, and adolescent/adult. In an emergency, understanding these variations is essential for providing the best possible care.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can save lives, and making a mistake is not an option. Most CPR errors reduce its effectiveness and can affect the patient's chances of survival. Understanding these common errors allows us to better focus on performing high-quality CPR and improving survival..

Common CPR Mistakes

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COMMON MISTAKES:

• Delayed start: Hesitating to start CPR due to fear or uncertainty.
• Superficial compressions: Not pressing deep enough to circulate blood effectively.
• Compressions too deep: Pressing too hard can cause injury (for example, rib fractures).
• Inconsistent pacing: compressing too fast or too slow.
• Pausing too frequently: stopping compressions unnecessarily, which reduces blood flow.
• Incorrect hand placement: Placing your hands too high or low on your chest.
• Ventilation errors:
• Blowing too hard or fast.
• Not properly sealing the mouth and nose.
• Spending too much time breathing, interrupting compressions.

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Tips to Avoid CPR Mistakes

Escribe un texto genial, haciendo clic en Texto, en la barra lateral izquierda. Ojo: las fuentes, el tamaño y el color deben adecuarse al tema que estés tratando.

Tips to avoid errors in CPRAct quickly: Start CPR immediately if the person is unresponsive and not breathing. Follow the compression guidelines: Adults: Press 5-6 cm deep. Children and babies: compress 1/3 of the depth of the chest. Maintain a pace of 100 to 120 compressions per minute (use songs like Stayin' Alive). Minimize pauses: Stop compressions only briefly for AED analysis or rapid ventilations (2 breaths). Find the correct hand placement: Place your hands in the center of your chest (in the lower half of your breastbone). Provide effective ventilations: Ensure an adequate seal in the mouth and nose. Take slow breaths (1 second each) and watch for chest rise. Change rescuers every 2 minutes: to avoid fatigue and maintain the quality of compression.

conclusion

Importance of Receiving CPR Trainingis a vital skill that can make the difference between life and death during cardiac arrest. Timely intervention can double or even triple survival chances.

Tips para subir de nivel:

• Summary of Key Steps
• Assess the situation: Ensure the environment is safe and quickly evaluate the victim's consciousness and breathing.
• Activate the emergency system: Call emergency services and, if possible, ask others for help.
• Begin chest compressions: Perform high-quality compressions, maintaining a rate of 100-120 per minute and an appropriate depth (5-6 cm for adults).
• Use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED): If available, use it as soon as possible, following the device's instructions.
• Continue the CPR/AED cycle: Alternate between compressions and ventilations according to current guidelines until professional help arrives or the victim shows signs of life.

Learning CPR not only empowers people but also helps develop a more prepared life. Anyone can save the life of a person who is in the middle of cardiorespiratory arrest.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Ana Rodrigo Barriuso
• Preparation for CRP:

-https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600 -https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/cpr/performing-cpr/cpr-steps?srsltid=AfmBOorQg7IwBQSBOuL_OC7e-3hy1QYPGTYE6H5UsZR_0Eske0uTj7La -https://www.cruzroja.es/prevencion/hogar_09.html -https://cprcertificationnow.com/blogs/mycpr-now-blog/cpr-techniques-understanding-the-role-of-rescue-breaths - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/

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12. Continue with the protocol, following the instructions of the AED, until:

• Qualified help arrives and takes over the patient.
• The victim starts breathing spontaneously (then put him/her in the lateral safety position (PLS).
• The rescuer(s) are exhausted.

If the victim does not recover:

12. Continue with the protocol, following the instructions of the AED, until:

• Qualified help arrives and takes over the patient.
• The victim starts breathing spontaneously (then put him/her in the lateral safety position (PLS).
• The rescuer(s) are exhausted.

If the victim does not recover:

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