INFOGRAPHIC CIRCLES

Victorian Era (1837-1901)

(Mid- to Late-19th Century)

(Mid-late 19th century)

Post romantic era

Cultural Context

Major Authors and Works:

Key characteristics

The Post-Romantic era

Key Characteristics:

- Emotional Expression and Individualism: Like Romanticism, the Post-Romantic era focused on personal experience and emotion, but with a more reflective, often melancholy outlook. - Nature and the Sublime: While nature was still important, Post-Romantic writers often saw it as a force that was indifferent or even destructive. There was an increasing sense of alienation. - Social Criticism: Many Post-Romantic writers were concerned with the effects of industrialization, social injustice, and the loss of spirituality in an increasingly materialistic world. - Aestheticism: The Post-Romantic period also gave rise to Aestheticism, a movement emphasizing "art for art's sake" rather than moral or social issues.

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The Post-Romantic era

The Post-Romantic era was a transitional period between the Romantic era and the Victorian era. While it is closely linked to Romanticism, it became more marked by skepticism toward Romantic ideals. This era reflects a growing concern with the societal consequences of industrialization, the human condition, and the shift towards modernity.

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Cultural contex

- The Post-Romantic period emerged in the wake of the industrial revolution, which had radically altered the fabric of society. - The optimism and idealism of early Romanticism gave way to a more somber and introspective view of the world, especially as the horrors of urbanization, poverty, and the darker side of human nature became more apparent. - The rise of scientific discoveries (such as Darwin’s theory of evolution) also created a shift away from religious and metaphysical explanations of the world.

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- Matthew Arnold: Known for his poetry and critical works, Arnold was concerned with the decline of religious faith and the rise of scientific materialism. His poem Dover Beach is a powerful reflection on the loss of spiritual certainty. - John Ruskin: A leading figure in both art and social criticism, Ruskin criticized the dehumanizing effects of industrialization. His work The Stones of Venice is an important text that links art and architecture with moral values. - Alfred, Lord Tennyson: The poet laureate of England during much of Queen Victoria’s reign, Tennyson’s In Memoriam reflects the anxieties of the time, particularly concerning faith, loss, and the conflict between science and religion. - Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Her poetry, especially Sonnets from the Portuguese, addresses deep emotional and personal themes, as well as the role of women in society.

Major Authors and Works:

The post-romantic era

• The Post-Romantic era was a transitional period between the Romantic era and the Victorian era. While it is closely linked to Romanticism, it became more marked by skepticism toward Romantic ideals. This era reflects a growing concern with the societal consequences of industrialization, the human condition, and the shift towards modernity.

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Cultural contex

- The Post-Romantic period emerged in the wake of the industrial revolution, which had radically altered the fabric of society. - The optimism and idealism of early Romanticism gave way to a more somber and introspective view of the world, especially as the horrors of urbanization, poverty, and the darker side of human nature became more apparent. - The rise of scientific discoveries (such as Darwin’s theory of evolution) also created a shift away from religious and metaphysical explanations of the world.

Victorian Era (1837-1901)