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APES 4.2 - Fossil Fuels
Kaitlin Kogut
Created on November 18, 2024
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Transcript
Natural Gas Extraction
Oil Extraction
Oil & Natural Gas Formation
Coal Extraction
Coal Formation
Natural Gas
Oil
Coal
Three Types of Fossil Fuels:
Fossil Fuels
Lesson 4.2
Oil
The term oil refers to crude oil, or petroleum. This is a base product that must be refined to create a variety of petroleum products. Refining refers to heating the crude oil to different temperatures, which causes certain compounds to boil off and separate.
More carbon = burns cleaner!
Increasing carbon content
Coal is a sedimentary rock, primarily composed of carbon, that is formed from the compressed remains of ancient plants over millions of years. Coal is classified into four main types, or ranks: anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite. The ranking depends on the types and amounts of carbon the coal contains and on the amount of heat energy the coal can produce.
Coal
Natural Gas
Natural gas contains many different compounds. The largest component of natural gas is methane, a compound with one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (CH4). Natural gas also contains smaller amounts of natural gas liquids (NGLs, which are also hydrocarbon gas liquids), and nonhydrocarbon gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor. It's important to note that methane is a very potent greenhouse gas!
Heat and pressure created the coal ranks.
Those plants died and were buried quickly.
300 million years ago, swamps covered much of the planet
Coal Formed During the Carboniferous Period
Because of the lower density of liquid (oil) and gas, it must be trapped under an impermeable rock.
Heat and pressure
It also formed more recently, from 250 - 65 million years ago, during the Mesozoic Era.
Unlike coal, oil and natural gas form from the bodies of marine plankton and algae.
Oil and Natural Gas Typically Form Together
Oil & Gas Reserves
Impermeable Rock
- A large amount of oil extraction is done at sea.
- Potential for spills and leaks is high.
- Habitat is destroyed to make the drilling sites and transportation routes to and from.
Oil Must Be Pumped Out
Environmental Consequences:
- Groundwater contamination
- Natural gas leaks
- (potential) Earthquakes
Involves drilling deep into the earth, then drilling sideways and pumping a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into the well. The chemicals and pressure break up the rock, creating larger fissures that allow oil and gas to flow out.