Science

The eukaryotik cell

Di Martino,Pinna,Casula.Riaz

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Introduzione

The eukaryotic cell

The eukaryotic cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of eukaryotic organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists. It is characterized by advanced structural complexity and the presence of organelles delimited by membranes.

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Components

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functions

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Tiny organs

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characteristics

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Differents

Differenze

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General Charachteristic:

Presence of the nucleus: The distinguishing feature is the nucleus, which contains the genetic material (DNA) protected by a nuclear membrane. Larger size: Eukaryotic cells are generally larger (10-100 µm) than prokaryotic cells. Complex organization: Equipped with specialized internal compartments.

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Principals components:

plasma membrane: Made up of a phospholipid bilayer with integrated proteins. Function: regulates exchanges between the inside and outside of the cell. Cytoplasm: Fluid gel that contains organelles and other cellular structures. Home to many metabolic reactions. Nucleus: Contains chromatin (DNA + proteins). Regulates cellular activity through transcription and DNA replication.

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Main organelles:

Mitochondria: Energy center of the cell (production of ATP through cellular respiration). Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Wrinkled ER: Associated with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis. RE Smooth: Without ribosomes, specialized in lipid synthesis and detoxification. Golgi apparatus: It modifies, sorts and transports proteins and lipids. Lysosomes: They contain digestive enzymes to break down useless or harmful materials. Cytoskeleton: Network of filaments (microtubules, microfilaments) that gives shape and support to the cell.

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Principle differences between animals and plant cells:

Plant cells: Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis. Cell wall: Rigid structure outside the membrane, composed of cellulose. Central vacuole: Large organelle that stores substances and maintains osmotic pressure. Animal cells: Lack chloroplasts and cell wall.They have centrioles, involved in cell division.

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principal functions:

Reproduction: Through mitosis (cell division) or meiosis (for the formation of gametes). Metabolism: Synthesis of molecules, energy production, waste disposalResponse to stimuli: Communication and interaction with the external environment.

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conclutions

La cellula eucariote rappresenta un capolavoro di complessità biologica e organizzazione, essenziale per la vita negli organismi multicellulari e unicellulari. La sua struttura avanzata le consente di svolgere funzioni vitali in maniera efficiente.