Political Power and Territoriality Case Studies

— world Power

An effort to control pieces of the earth's surface for political, social, or economic end - a connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to where they live

Territoriality

& Territoriality —

SOUTH AMERICA

Neocolonialism

Neocolonialism refers to the practice of using economic, political, and cultural pressures to control or influence a country, particularly former colonies, without direct military or political control.

AFRICA

Neocolonialism

Neocolonialism refers to the practice of using economic, political, and cultural pressures to control or influence a country, particularly former colonies, without direct military or political control.

— world Power

A shatterbelt is a region caught between conflicting external forces, often leading to instability and conflict. These areas become battlegrounds for competing political ideologies, leading to significant impacts on their political, economic, and social structures.

Shatterbelts

& Shatterbelts —

— world

Chokepoints are narrow passages that connect larger bodies of water or land routes. They are crucial for global trade, military strategy, and geopolitical power. Control over these chokepoints can significantly affect the economy and politics of nations

Chokepoints

chokepoints —

Neocolonialism in Nigeria: In Nigeria, neocolonialism is evident in the oil industry.Exploiting Countries: Countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom exploit Nigeria's oil resources.Exploitation Purpose: The primary motivation is to access Nigeria's vast oil reserves.

Neocolonialism

Nigeria

Methods of Exploitation: Multinational corporations often negotiate contracts that offer them significant control over oil extraction while contributing little to local economies.Impact on Nigeria: The Niger Delta region suffers from severe environmental degradation due to oil spills and gas flaring, leading to health issues among local populations. Economically, while Nigeria is one of Africa's largest oil producers, poverty remains widespread.Government Compliance: The Nigerian government continues to allow this exploitation due to the revenue generated from oil exports, which is crucial for funding government programs.

How Neocolonialism is HappeningIn Bolivia, neocolonialism is largely present in the lithium industry, with foreign companies seeking to capitalize on Bolivia’s vast lithium reserves.Foreign Countries InvolvedCountries such as Germany and China are involved, with companies like Lithium Americas and BYD showing interest in Bolivian lithium projects.What is Being ExploitedLithium, essential for batteries and renewable energy technologies, is the primary resource being exploited. Bolivia holds some of the largest lithium reserves in the world.

Neocolonialism

Bolivia

How Exploitation OccursForeign companies often seek contracts that allow them to extract lithium with limited local benefit. The Bolivian government has proposed partnerships under the “Bolivia Lithium Policy,” which aims to attract investment while maintaining some level of control.Impact on BoliviaEconomically, while lithium extraction could provide revenue, it risks harming local ecosystems and communities. Politically, foreign influence can undermine local governance. Socially, Indigenous groups may face displacement due to mining activities.Government AllowanceThe Bolivian government allows this exploitation in hopes of economic development. However, policies often favor foreign investments, leading to tensions with local populations.

Neocolonialism in Angola: Angola's oil and diamond industries are prime examples of neocolonialism.Exploiting Countries: The United States and China are key players.Exploitation Purpose: These countries exploit Angola for oil and diamonds.

Neocolonialism

Angola

Methods of Exploitation: Foreign companies often dominate the market and retain substantial profits, leaving little for local development.Impact on Angola: The focus on resource extraction has led to vast inequality and corruption, with many citizens living in poverty despite Angola's wealth.Government Compliance: The Angolan government is complicit due to the financial benefits of foreign investments in a post-war economy.

Sunni controlled Saudi Arabia became concerned about the newly Shia controlled Iran and it's influence over the state of Iraq that lies between them. Because of this both Saudi Arabia and Iran began to fight for dominance and territory in Iraq

Religious Conflicts -Sunni Saudi Arabia vs Shia Iran

Neocolonialism in Tanzania: Tanzania experiences neocolonialism through its mining and agricultural sectors.Exploiting Countries: Countries like Canada and the UK are involved.Exploitation Purpose: Tanzania's mineral wealth, including gold and diamonds, attracts foreign interest. It covers a spectrum of minerals, including metals gold, iron ore, nickel, copper, cobalt, silver, industrial minerals (diamonds, tanzanite, ruby, garnet, limestone, soda ash, gypsum, salt, phosphate, gravel, sand, dimension stones, and graphite), as well as fuel minerals (coal and uranium).

Neocolonialism

Tanzania

Methods of Exploitation: Foreign companies often negotiate contracts that result in minimal returns for the Tanzanian government.Impact on Tanzania: Mining activities have led to land disputes and environmental issues, affecting local communities. Economically, while mining has generated income, it has not translated into widespread development.Government Compliance: The Tanzanian government allows exploitation due to the promise of foreign investment and job creation.

Belgium is made of three autonomous regions. Dutch-speaking Flanders, French-speaking Wallonia, and the capital province of Brussels which is bilingual.According to federal law local governments must be bilingual if there is a significant amount of citizens who speak both languages.Cities along the border of Flanders and Wallonia refuse to permit a language census to prevent this from happening to hold on to their traditional language as the dominant language - these communities are expressing their political power and political control over the landscape (territoriality)

Cultural/Ethnic Conflicts -Flanders vs Wallonia in Belgium

Territorial dispute between Venezuela and Guyana over the Essequibo regionGoes all the way back to colonial control between Spain (Venezuela) and the UK (Guyana)Treaty between the European countries states the Venezuela and Guyana must come to a peaceful solution but they're at a stalemate because both countries want the gold resources of the region and oil resources in the surrounding ocean. Both claim they have territoriality over the region and have the right to control it politically and economically

Economic Conflicts -Essequibo

Location and ControlThe Strait of Taiwan is situated between Taiwan and mainland China, connecting the East China Sea to the South China Sea. This strait is about 130 kilometers wide at its narrowest point. Taiwan controls the western side of the strait, while China has a strong military presence along its eastern shore. The proximity of these two regions has made the Strait of Taiwan a critical area for military and economic activities.

Chokepoints

Strait of Taiwan

Economic SignificanceEconomically, the Strait of Taiwan is vital for international shipping routes. It is a key passage for goods traveling between Northeast Asia and the rest of the world. The strait sees a significant amount of trade, including electronics and machinery, which are crucial for global supply chains. Any disruption in this area could impact economies worldwide, as many countries depend on these imports. The economic interdependence created by this chokepoint makes it a significant area for international commerce.Political SignificanceThe Strait of Taiwan holds immense political significance due to the ongoing tensions between Taiwan and China. China considers Taiwan a breakaway province, while Taiwan views itself as an independent nation. This situation creates a complex geopolitical landscape where military presence and diplomatic relations are constantly in flux. The U.S. has expressed support for Taiwan, which further complicates the political dynamics in the region. Control over this chokepoint is not just about geography; it is a matter of national identity and international relations.

How Neocolonialism is HappeningParaguay experiences neocolonialism through agribusiness, where foreign corporations control significant portions of agricultural land, particularly for soybean production.Foreign Countries InvolvedCountries such as Brazil and the United States are involved, with companies like Cargill and ADM dominating the market.What is Being ExploitedSoybeans are the primary resource being exploited, as Paraguay is one of the largest exporters of soy in the world. This focus on cash crops limits food security for local populations.

Neocolonialism

Paraguay

How Exploitation OccursForeign corporations often utilize contracts that prioritize their interests, leading to practices that harm local farmers. The “Ley de Inversiones” promotes foreign investment in agriculture, often sidelining small-scale farmers.Impact on ParaguayEconomically, while soy production generates revenue, it can lead to environmental degradation and social issues. Politically, local governance may be undermined by foreign corporate influence. Socially, small farmers face challenges to their livelihoods.Government AllowanceThe Paraguayan government allows these practices to attract foreign investment, believing it will stimulate economic growth. Policies often reflect the interests of large agribusinesses over those of local farmers.

How Neocolonialism is HappeningEcuador is experiencing neocolonialism through its oil extraction practices, where foreign corporations exploit oil reserves in the Amazon rainforest.Foreign Countries InvolvedCountries like the United States and China are heavily involved in Ecuador’s oil sector, with companies such as Petroamazonas and Petroamazonas EP being key players.What is Being ExploitedOil is the primary resource exploited, as Ecuador relies on oil exports for a significant portion of its national income. This dependency creates vulnerabilities for the economy.

Neocolonialism

Ecuador

How Exploitation OccursForeign companies often operate with minimal oversight, leading to environmental degradation and displacement of Indigenous communities. The “Ley de Hidrocarburos” facilitates foreign investment, often ignoring local environmental concerns.Impact on EcuadorEconomically, while oil extraction generates revenue, it leads to severe environmental damage and socioeconomic inequality. Politically, local communities have limited influence in decision-making processes. Socially, Indigenous rights are often overlooked, leading to conflicts.Government AllowanceThe Ecuadorian government permits these practices to attract foreign investment and generate revenue. Policies are frequently designed to support oil extraction, sidelining environmental protections.

Location and ControlThe Strait of Malacca is located between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. This strait connects the Andaman Sea to the South China Sea and is about 550 miles long. It is one of the world's busiest shipping routes, controlled by Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore. The strait is crucial for vessels traveling between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

Chokepoints

Strait of Malacca

Economic SignificanceThe Strait of Malacca is economically vital for global trade. Approximately 25% of the world's traded goods pass through this chokepoint, including oil, natural gas, and consumer products. The strait serves as a key route for shipping vessels traveling from Europe to Asia and vice versa. Any disruptions in this chokepoint can lead to significant delays and increased shipping costs, impacting economies worldwide. Therefore, the economic stability of the Strait of Malacca is essential for international commerce.Political SignificancePolitically, the Strait of Malacca is a strategic chokepoint for regional security. Control over this strait allows the countries in the region to monitor maritime traffic and respond to threats. The strait has been a focal point for piracy and smuggling, prompting collaboration among nations to ensure security. The presence of naval forces in the area highlights its importance in international relations. Thus, the Strait of Malacca plays a crucial role in both regional and global politics.

How Neocolonialism is HappeningIn Chile, neocolonialism is evident in the mining sector, particularly in lithium extraction, which is crucial for global battery production. Foreign companies exploit Chile’s lithium reserves without adequately compensating the local population.Foreign Countries InvolvedCompanies from the United States, China, and Canada are heavily involved in Chile’s lithium mining operations. Notable examples include SQM (Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile), which has substantial foreign investment.What is Being ExploitedLithium, used in electric vehicle batteries, is the primary resource being exploited. This demand has skyrocketed due to the global push for renewable energy.

Neocolonialism

Chile

How Exploitation OccursForeign companies operate under contracts that allow them to extract lithium with minimal environmental oversight. For instance, the Chilean government has issued concessions that prioritize foreign investment over local environmental concerns.Impact on ChileEconomically, while mining provides revenue, it also leads to water scarcity and environmental degradation. Politically, local communities are often marginalized in decision-making processes. Socially, Indigenous groups face displacement from their ancestral lands.Government AllowanceThe Chilean government supports these practices as a means to attract foreign investment and stimulate economic growth. Policies often favor mining companies, leading to tensions with local communities.

How Neocolonialism is HappeningIn Brazil, neocolonialism is largely visible in the exploitation of the Amazon rainforest. Foreign corporations and governments are interested in Brazil’s vast natural resources, particularly timber, minerals, and agricultural land. This exploitation often occurs at the expense of Indigenous communities and local ecosystems.Foreign Countries InvolvedCountries such as the United States, China, and various European nations are heavily involved in Brazil's neocolonial practices. These nations have invested in numerous projects that prioritize resource extraction over environmental protection.What is Being ExploitedChina, for example, invests heavily in Brazil’s soy and beef industries, leading to deforestation and land degradation. The United States has interests in mining operations that extract gold and other minerals.

Neocolonialism

Brazil

How Exploitation OccursThese foreign powers utilize agreements that favor their corporations, such as the Brazilian forestry law, which allows for significant deforestation in exchange for economic benefits. Additionally, they often employ local labor under poor working conditions, limiting the economic benefits to the Brazilian workforce.Impact on BrazilEconomically, this exploitation leads to short-term gains while causing long-term environmental damage. Politically, it undermines local governance, as foreign corporations often have more power than local authorities. Socially, Indigenous communities experience displacement and loss of culture due to land grabs.Government AllowanceThe Brazilian government permits these practices due to the promise of economic growth and foreign investment. For instance, rural development policies favor agribusinesses and mining companies, often at the expense of local communities.

Location and ControlThe Strait of Hormuz is located between Oman and Iran, connecting the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman. This strategic waterway is bordered by Iran to the north and Oman to the south. It is approximately 21 miles wide at its narrowest point. Most of the traffic through this strait is monitored by the Iranian military, which has led to tensions in the region. Control over this chokepoint is vital for both regional and global powers, as it is the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.

Chokepoints

Strait of Hormuz

Economic SignificanceThe Strait of Hormuz is economically significant because it is one of the world's most important oil transit chokepoints. Approximately 20% of the world's oil supply passes through this narrow strait. Any disruption, such as military conflict or natural disasters, could lead to substantial fluctuations in global oil prices. Countries relying heavily on oil imports, such as Japan and many European nations, are particularly vulnerable to such disruptions. Therefore, the economic stability of many countries is closely tied to the security of the Strait of Hormuz.Political SignificancePolitically, the Strait of Hormuz is a focal point for international relations in the Middle East. Control over this chokepoint can enhance a nation's influence in global politics. Tensions between Iran and Western nations often center around this strait, affecting military presence and diplomatic negotiations. The U.S. and its allies frequently conduct naval operations to ensure freedom of navigation through the strait. Thus, the Strait of Hormuz is not just a geographical feature; it is a significant player in global power dynamics.

Location and ControlThe Sunda Strait is located between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. This strait connects the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean and is approximately 24 miles wide at its narrowest point. Indonesia controls both sides of the strait, making it a vital passage for shipping traffic in Southeast Asia.

Chokepoints

Sunda Strait

Economic SignificanceThe Sunda Strait is economically significant for regional trade. It is a major route for vessels transporting goods between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The strait is also important for the shipping of oil and natural gas, contributing to Indonesia's economy. Additionally, the strait's location allows for efficient travel to key markets in Asia and beyond. Disruptions in this chokepoint can have significant economic repercussions for Indonesia and neighboring countries.Political SignificancePolitically, the Sunda Strait is crucial for Indonesia's national security and maritime sovereignty. Control over this chokepoint allows Indonesia to monitor and regulate maritime traffic, impacting regional stability. The strait has historical significance, having been a key route during colonial times and conflicts. The presence of naval forces in the area highlights its importance in international relations. Thus, the Sunda Strait is a significant element in Indonesia's political landscape.

Jewish Israelis conflict/compete with Muslim Palestinians over the territory of IsraelBoth groups have historical and ancestral ties to the land:

• Jewish ancestry before Roman occupation and exile of Jewish people out of Israel
• Palestinians existed in this territory after Roman occupation, during the control of Ottoman Empire and British control.

After WWII, Britain created the state of Israel as a homeland for Jewish people due to the Holocaust.Both groups have claim to the land and view it as their homeland and holy land to their religions. These groups have had consistent conflict over the political control over this territory.

Religious Conflicts - Israel vs Palestine

How Neocolonialism is HappeningGuyana is experiencing neocolonialism through its emerging oil industry, where foreign corporations are rapidly developing offshore oil fields.Foreign Countries InvolvedThe United States, particularly through ExxonMobil, is heavily involved in Guyana’s oil sector, leading to significant foreign investment.What is Being ExploitedOil is being exploited as Guyana has discovered significant reserves that are attracting global attention. This resource is crucial for the country's economic future.

Neocolonialism

Guyana

How Exploitation OccursExxonMobil operates under terms that favor their interests, with contracts that provide extensive tax breaks. The “Production Sharing Agreement” allows them to extract a large portion of profits while leaving minimal gains for the local government.Impact on GuyanaEconomically, the influx of foreign investment could lead to growth, but it also risks environmental degradation and social inequality. Politically, local governance may be overshadowed by foreign corporate interests. Socially, communities may face challenges related to displacement and resource management.Government AllowanceThe Guyanese government allows this exploitation in hopes of economic development and job creation. Policies are often crafted to attract foreign investment, compromising local interests.

Location and ControlThe Bosporus Strait is located in Turkey, connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara. This strait is about 17 miles long and is one of the world's narrowest straits. Turkey controls both sides of the Bosporus, making it a critical national asset. The strait is also significant for Istanbul, Turkey's largest city, which lies on both sides of the waterway.

Chokepoints

Bosporus Strait

Economic SignificanceThe Bosporus Strait is economically significant as it serves as a major shipping route for oil and gas from the Caspian Sea region. Approximately 3% of the world's oil trade passes through this chokepoint. The strait is also essential for transporting goods to and from Eastern Europe and Asia. Shipping companies rely on this route for its efficiency, directly impacting trade costs and timelines. Thus, the Bosporus Strait is a vital economic artery for Turkey and surrounding regions.Political SignificancePolitically, the Bosporus Strait is a crucial geopolitical area. Control over this waterway allows Turkey to influence maritime traffic in the region. The strait has been historically significant in conflicts, including during the Ottoman Empire and World War I. Today, Turkey's control over the Bosporus impacts relations with neighboring countries and international shipping policies. Therefore, the Bosporus Strait represents a key point in regional and global politics.

Neocolonialism in Ghana: In Ghana, neocolonialism is observed through foreign investments in gold mining and oil extraction.Exploiting Countries: China and the United Kingdom are actively involved.Exploitation Purpose: These countries exploit Ghana for its gold and oil reserves off of it's coast.

Neocolonialism

Ghana

Methods of Exploitation: Foreign entities often negotiate contracts that allow them to retain the majority of profits while providing minimal royalties to the Ghanaian government.Impact on Ghana: The environmental destruction from mining activities has led to water contamination and loss of arable land, affecting agriculture. Economically, while there has been growth in exports, local communities see little benefit.Government Compliance: The Ghanaian government permits these practices due to the need for economic growth and foreign investment to support development projects

Offshore Ghana Oil Production

Location and ControlThe Bab el Mandeb Strait is located between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula and Djibouti in Africa. This strait connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and is about 20 miles wide at its narrowest point. Yemen controls the northern coastline, while Djibouti controls the southern side. This chokepoint is vital for maritime traffic between Europe and Asia.

Chokepoints

Bab el Mandeb Strait

Economic SignificanceThe Bab el Mandeb Strait is economically significant because it serves as a major shipping route for oil and goods. Approximately 3.8 million barrels of oil per day pass through this strait, making it crucial for global energy supplies. The strait also facilitates trade between Europe, Africa, and Asia, impacting economies on multiple continents. Disruptions in this area can lead to increased shipping costs and trade delays, affecting global markets. Thus, the economic stability of this strait is essential for international commerce.Political SignificancePolitically, the Bab el Mandeb Strait is a strategic chokepoint for regional security. The proximity of Yemen and the ongoing conflict there raises concerns about piracy and military threats. Control over this strait is important for countries wishing to secure their maritime interests in the Red Sea and beyond. The U.S. and its allies have a vested interest in maintaining security in the area, often conducting naval operations to ensure safe passage. Therefore, the Bab el Mandeb Strait plays a crucial role in both regional and global politics.

Neocolonialism in Mali: In Mali, neocolonialism is primarily evident through foreign mining companies that exploit the country’s rich natural resources, particularly gold.Exploiting Countries: Russia, France and Canada are notable players in this exploitation.Exploitation Purpose: These countries exploit Mali for its gold resources, which are vital for global markets.

Neocolonialism

Mali

Methods of Exploitation: Foreign companies often enter into agreements that favor them financially, offering Mali little in return. This includes tax breaks and minimal investment in local infrastructure.Impact on Mali: The exploitation has led to environmental degradation, including deforestation and water pollution, impacting the health and livelihoods of local communities. Economically, while gold production has increased, the wealth generated has not adequately benefited the Malian population.Government Compliance: The Malian government allows this neocolonial practice due to the need for foreign investment in a struggling economy, hoping that it will lead to job creation and infrastructure development.

How Neocolonialism is HappeningArgentina faces neocolonialism mainly through its agricultural sector, where foreign corporations control land for soy production. This control diminishes local farmers' ability to sustain themselves and their communities.Foreign Countries InvolvedProminent players include multinational corporations from the United States and Europe, which dominate the soy market. Companies such as Cargill and Monsanto are key examples of foreign influence.What is Being ExploitedThese corporations exploit Argentina’s fertile land for soy production, which is primarily exported for animal feed and biodiesel, benefiting foreign markets more than local economies.

Neocolonialism

Argentina

How Exploitation OccursThe exploitation occurs through the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and pesticides, supported by government policies that favor large agribusinesses over small farmers. For example, the “Law on Agricultural Technology” promotes the use of GMOs while limiting farmers' rights to save seeds.Impact on ArgentinaEconomically, the reliance on monoculture decreases biodiversity and harms local agriculture. Politically, the influence of foreign corporations leads to policies that favor their interests over those of the Argentine populace. Socially, rural communities face displacement and loss of livelihoods.Government AllowanceThe Argentine government allows these practices partly due to the need for foreign investment and the promise of job creation. Policies are often crafted to align with the interests of large agribusinesses, sidelining the needs of local farmers.

Conflicts in the Balkan region have consistently happened since the early 1900s and persist even today.Multiple ethnic groups are competing for political control and territory, often leading to violence and ethnic cleansing. Each group fighting for the territory they consider to be their homeland and political/economic control of it (territoriality).Ex: Former Yugoslavia balkanized into separate states along ethnic lines due to violence and warfare.

Cultural/Ethnic Conflicts - The Balkans

How Neocolonialism is HappeningPeru experiences neocolonialism through its mineral extraction industries, particularly gold mining. Foreign companies dominate the sector, which has led to significant environmental and social issues.Foreign Countries InvolvedKey foreign players include Canadian and Australian mining companies, such as Barrick Gold and Newmont Mining, which control large portions of Peru’s mining operations.What is Being ExploitedGold is the primary resource being exploited, with Peru being one of the largest gold producers in the world. This resource is mainly exported for use in jewelry and electronics.

Neocolonialism

Peru

How Exploitation OccursThese companies often operate under favorable tax regimes and minimal environmental regulations, leading to practices like illegal mining and pollution of local water sources. The “Ley de Formalización y Promoción de la Inversión en la Pequeña Minería” incentivizes large companies while undermining small-scale miners.Impact on PeruEconomically, while mining generates revenue, it often leads to environmental degradation and health issues for local populations. Politically, local communities struggle to have their voices heard in policy discussions. Socially, conflicts arise between mining companies and Indigenous communities over land rights.Government AllowanceThe Peruvian government enables these practices to attract foreign investment and boost economic growth. Policies are often designed to facilitate mining operations, prioritizing economic gains over community welfare.

Location and ControlThe Strait of Dover is located between England and France, connecting the North Sea to the English Channel. This strait is about 21 miles wide at its narrowest point and is the shortest crossing from mainland Europe to the United Kingdom. The strait is controlled by both the United Kingdom and France, making it a critical maritime route.

Chokepoints

Strait of Dover

Economic SignificanceThe Strait of Dover is economically significant for trade and transportation. It is one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world, facilitating the movement of goods and passengers. The strait is vital for the economy of both the UK and France, with significant ferry services operating across it. Any disruptions, such as adverse weather or political tensions, can affect trade routes and economic stability. Therefore, the economic health of the region is closely tied to the operations in the Strait of Dover.Political SignificancePolitically, the Strait of Dover holds considerable importance for both the UK and France. Control over this chokepoint impacts national security and immigration policies. The strait has been historically significant in military conflicts, serving as a strategic point during both World Wars. The presence of naval forces in this area underscores its importance in international relations. Thus, the Strait of Dover represents a key point in the politics of Europe.

Neocolonialism in DRC: The DRC is heavily exploited for its minerals, including cobalt.Exploiting Countries: Countries like China and Belgium are notably involved.Exploitation Purpose: These countries seek cobalt for technology and battery production.

Neocolonialism

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Methods of Exploitation: Foreign companies often engage in unfair mining practices, including child labor and unsafe working conditions.Impact on DRC: The DRC faces significant social issues, including violence and poverty, while environmental degradation from mining has become rampant.Government Compliance: The DRC government allows these practices due to corruption and the need for revenue from mineral exports.

How Neocolonialism is HappeningColombia's neocolonialism is illustrated through its oil and coal industries, where foreign companies exploit resources with little regard for local communities.Foreign Countries InvolvedThe United States, Canada, and various European countries have significant investments in Colombia’s energy sector, with companies like ExxonMobil and Drummond Company being prominent examples.What is Being ExploitedOil and coal are the primary resources being exploited, with Colombia being a major exporter of both commodities. These resources are crucial for energy production in foreign markets.

Neocolonialism

Colombia

How Exploitation OccursForeign companies operate under contracts that often include tax breaks and incentives, allowing them to extract resources while minimizing their economic contribution to Colombia. The “Ley de Hidrocarburos” promotes foreign investment in oil exploration, often at the expense of local rights.Impact on ColombiaEconomically, the focus on resource extraction leads to environmental degradation, impacting agriculture and local economies. Politically, the influence of foreign corporations can overshadow local governance. Socially, communities face displacement and violence due to conflicts over land.Government AllowanceThe Colombian government allows these practices to attract foreign investment, believing it will stimulate economic growth. This often results in policies that prioritize corporate interests over community needs.

Location and ControlThe Strait of Gibraltar is located between Spain and Morocco, connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. This narrow passage is about 8.9 miles wide at its narrowest point. Spain controls the northern side of the strait, while Morocco controls the southern side. The strait is a key point for ships traveling between Europe and Africa.

Chokepoints

Strait of Gibraltar

Economic SignificanceEconomically, the Strait of Gibraltar is vital for shipping and trade. It serves as a major route for vessels transporting goods between Europe, Africa, and beyond. The strait is also significant for the oil trade, with many oil tankers passing through. The tolls and fees collected from ships using this route contribute to the economies of both Spain and Morocco. Thus, the economic activities in and around the Strait of Gibraltar are crucial for regional economies.Political SignificanceThe Strait of Gibraltar is politically significant due to its strategic location. It serves as a gateway for naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea, affecting security and military strategies. Tensions between Spain and Morocco occasionally arise over territorial claims and immigration issues, highlighting the political complexities surrounding the strait. The presence of military forces from multiple nations in the area further emphasizes its importance in global politics. Therefore, control over the Strait of Gibraltar is key to understanding the political landscape of the region.

How Neocolonialism is HappeningVenezuela's neocolonialism can be observed in the oil sector, where foreign companies have historically controlled oil extraction and refining processes.Foreign Countries InvolvedCountries like Russia and China play significant roles in Venezuela’s oil industry, with companies such as Rosneft and CNPC being prominent players.What is Being ExploitedOil is the primary resource being exploited, which has been integral to Venezuela’s economy. This dependency on oil makes the country vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices.

Neocolonialism

Venezuela

How Exploitation OccursForeign companies have historically received favorable contracts that allow them to extract oil with little regard for local impacts. The Venezuelan government has engaged in agreements that prioritize foreign investment during economic crises.Impact on VenezuelaEconomically, the focus on oil extraction has led to environmental degradation and economic instability. Politically, foreign influence can overshadow local governance. Socially, the reliance on oil has fostered corruption and inequality.The Venezuelan government allows these practices partly due to the need for foreign investment to support its economy. Policies often reflect a compromise between attracting foreign capital and managing local concerns.

Neocolonialism in Cote D'Ivoire: Cote D'Ivoire faces neocolonial influences through the cocoa industry.Exploiting Countries: Countries like the United States and the Netherlands are significant players.Exploitation Purpose: These countries exploit Cote D'Ivoire for cocoa, which is vital for the chocolate industry worldwide.

Neocolonialism

Cote D'Ivoire

Methods of Exploitation: Foreign companies often engage in pricing strategies that keep local farmers in poverty, while they profit significantly from the final products sold.Impact on Cote D'Ivoire: The exploitation has led to poor living conditions for cocoa farmers, child labor, and economic instability in rural areas. Socially, the focus on cocoa production has overshadowed other important sectors like education and healthcare.Government Compliance: The Ivorian government is often complicit due to financial dependencies on cocoa exports, which provide a significant portion of the country’s GDP.

The Spratly Islands are abundant in natural resources (oil, natural gas, fish) which can increase the economic wealth of the countries that control them.The UNCLOS states that any water 200 nm from the coast of a country is an EXCLUSIVE economic zone (EEZ) for that country to exploit for economic gain. The Spratly Islands exist in overlapping EEZs for multiple South China Sea island countries and China claims ALL the South China Sea.

Economic Conflicts -Spratly Islands

Neocolonialism in South Sudan: In South Sudan, neocolonialism is evident through oil exploitation.Exploiting Countries: China is a major player in the oil sector.Exploitation Purpose: China exploits South Sudan for its oil reserves.

Neocolonialism

South Sudan

Methods of Exploitation: China has invested heavily in oil infrastructure but retains most profits, often neglecting local welfare.Impact on South Sudan: The focus on oil has led to conflict and environmental damage, exacerbating poverty and instability.Government Compliance: The South Sudanese government permits this exploitation due to the dire need for funding and economic development.

Neocolonialism in Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe faces neocolonialism through land and mineral exploitation.Exploiting Countries: Countries like the UK and South Africa are involved.Exploitation Purpose: Zimbabwe's rich mineral resources and agricultural land attract foreign interests. Minerals include: lithium, gold, platinum, coal, nickel, diamonds, iron ore, and copper

Neocolonialism

Zimbabwe

Methods of Exploitation: Foreign corporations often enter into agreements that favor them, leading to land grabs and resource extraction without fair compensation.Impact on Zimbabwe: The exploitation has resulted in economic decline, social unrest, and environmental degradation, impacting local communities.Government Compliance: The Zimbabwean government allows these practices due to political instability and the need for investment to boost the economy.

Location and ControlThe Strait of Magellan is located at the southern tip of South America, separating the mainland of Chile from the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. This natural passage is about 350 miles long and provides a route for ships traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The strait is primarily controlled by Chile, which has significant naval presence in the area.

Chokepoints

Strait of Magellan

Economic SignificanceThe Strait of Magellan is economically significant for maritime trade. It offers a safer route for vessels compared to navigating around Cape Horn, which is notorious for rough seas. The strait facilitates the transport of goods, particularly for shipping companies operating in this region. However, traffic through the Strait of Magellan has decreased with the advent of the Panama Canal, which provides a faster route. Nonetheless, the strait remains important for specific shipping routes and fishing industries.Political SignificancePolitically, the Strait of Magellan holds strategic importance for Chile. Control over this chokepoint allows Chile to monitor and regulate maritime traffic in the region. The strait has been historically significant in territorial disputes and naval operations. Chile's sovereignty over the strait is crucial for its national security and economic interests. Therefore, the Strait of Magellan is an important factor in Chile's political landscape.

Location and ControlThe Panama Canal is located in Panama and connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This artificial waterway is about 50 miles long and allows ships to avoid the long journey around the southern tip of South America. The canal was built and controlled by the United States until 1999, when it was handed over to Panama. Today, the Panama Canal Authority manages its operations, but its significance remains crucial for global shipping.

Chokepoints

Panama Canal

Economic SignificanceThe Panama Canal serves as a major economic chokepoint for international trade. It drastically reduces travel time for ships, allowing goods to be transported more efficiently between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Approximately 5% of global trade passes through the canal, making it essential for the flow of goods. The tolls collected from ships using the canal provide significant revenue for the Panamanian government. Therefore, the economic health of Panama is significantly influenced by the operations of the canal.Political SignificancePolitically, the Panama Canal has been a point of contention historically. Control over the canal was a significant issue during U.S. involvement in Panama. Today, it remains a strategic asset for Panama, but also for countries relying on it for trade. The U.S. maintains a strong interest in the canal due to its impact on military and economic strategies in the region. Thus, the Panama Canal is a critical element in both local and international politics.

Neocolonialism in Burkina Faso: Burkina Faso is experiencing neocolonialism through the gold mining sector.Exploiting Countries: Canada and Australia are prominently involved.Exploitation Purpose: These countries exploit Burkina Faso for its gold resources.

Neocolonialism

Burkina Faso

Methods of Exploitation: Foreign mining companies often make deals with the government that favor their profits over the local economy.Impact on Burkina Faso: The mining industry has led to land degradation and displacement of communities, while local people often do not benefit from the wealth generated.Government Compliance: The Burkinabe government allows this situation to persist due to the need for foreign capital and job creation in a struggling economy.

Countries/areas includedKey countries in this shatterbelt include Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Iran. Each nation faces unique challenges, but they are all interconnected through historical grievances and ongoing conflicts.Why this region is a shatterbelt:The Middle East is a prominent shatterbelt due to its strategic importance and the presence of various ethnic and religious groups. The region has been the site of numerous conflicts, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Syrian Civil War. External powers, such as the United States, Russia, and Iran, have intervened in these conflicts for political and strategic reasons, often using the region as a proxy battleground. The discovery of oil further complicates the situation, as countries vie for control over valuable resources. The ongoing instability and violence make the Middle East a classic example of a geopolitical shatterbelt.

shatterbelt

Middle East

Impact on the regionPolitically, the Middle East is marked by authoritarian regimes and fragile democracies, leading to widespread unrest and protests. Economically, the region's reliance on oil has created disparities between wealthy and impoverished nations, leading to social tensions. Socially, ethnic and religious divisions have led to violence and discrimination, complicating efforts to achieve peace. The presence of foreign military bases and interventions has further fueled resentment among local populations. Additionally, the ongoing conflicts have resulted in massive refugee crises, impacting neighboring countries and beyond. The shatterbelt nature of the Middle East continues to shape its complex landscape.

Countries/areas includedCountries in this shatterbelt include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. Each nation faces unique challenges shaped by their history and external influences.

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Central Asia

Why this region is a shatterbeltCentral Asia is a shatterbelt because of its strategic location between Russia, China, and Iran, along with its rich natural resources. The region has seen conflicts and political instability, particularly following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The influence of external powers, including Russia and China, complicates local dynamics, as countries vie for dominance in resource-rich areas. Additionally, the presence of radical groups poses security threats, making the region a potential battleground for proxy conflicts.Impact on the regionPolitically, Central Asia is characterized by authoritarian regimes and fragile democracies, leading to widespread corruption and human rights abuses. Economically, the region is rich in minerals and energy resources, but many countries struggle with poverty and underdevelopment. Socially, ethnic tensions and historical rivalries create challenges for governance and cooperation. The influence of foreign powers often complicates domestic issues, as local governments navigate competing interests. Additionally, the ongoing threats from extremist groups pose significant challenges to stability and security. The shatterbelt nature of Central Asia continues to shape its political landscape.

Countries/areas includedThe primary countries in this shatterbelt are North Korea and South Korea, each representing vastly different political ideologies and economic systems.

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Korean Peninsula

Why this region is a shatterbeltThe Korean Peninsula is a shatterbelt due to its division between North and South Korea, influenced by external powers like the United States and China. The Korean War (1950-1953) solidified this division and led to ongoing tensions that characterize the region. North Korea's pursuit of nuclear weapons has drawn international attention and concern, positioning the peninsula as a potential flashpoint for conflict. The geopolitical significance of the region, coupled with historical grievances, exemplifies the shatterbelt concept.Impact on the regionPolitically, the Korean Peninsula is marked by military tensions and the threat of conflict, impacting regional security. Economically, the division has led to stark contrasts in development, with South Korea experiencing rapid growth while North Korea struggles with poverty. Socially, families remain divided, and cultural exchanges are limited due to political tensions. The influence of external powers, particularly the United States and China, complicates the situation further. Additionally, the ongoing threat of conflict impacts international relations and security in Northeast Asia. The shatterbelt status of the Korean Peninsula continues to shape its future.

Countries in the Eastern European ShatterbeltSeveral countries are part of the Eastern European shatterbelt, including Ukraine, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). Each of these nations has been shaped by the historical and ongoing conflicts in the region, making them part of this complex geopolitical landscape. The interactions between these countries and external powers continue to define the shatterbelt's dynamics, influencing political decisions and economic relationships.

Shatterbelt

Eastern Europe

Why Eastern Europe is a ShatterbeltEastern Europe is considered a shatterbelt due to its complex history and strategic location. After World War II, the region was divided between the Soviet Union and Western powers, creating tension. The fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 did not resolve all issues; instead, it led to new conflicts, such as the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s, where ethnic tensions erupted into violence. Countries like Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina experienced brutal warfare fueled by nationalist sentiments and external influences. Additionally, Russia's actions in recent years, including the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and support for separatists in Ukraine, have further destabilized the region. These conflicts often draw in other nations, making Eastern Europe a potential site for proxy wars, where outside countries support different factions for their interests.Impact of Being a ShatterbeltThe shatterbelt status of Eastern Europe has significant political, economic, and social impacts. Politically, the region is characterized by unstable governments and shifting alliances, often influenced by larger powers such as Russia and the European Union. Economically, these conflicts have hindered development, with countries like Ukraine facing economic challenges due to ongoing conflict and corruption. Socially, the fragmentation has led to ethnic divisions and a lack of national cohesion. Citizens often feel the impacts of war, leading to displacement and a refugee crisis as people flee violence. The constant threat of conflict keeps the region on edge, affecting everyday life for millions.

Countries/areas includedThe shatterbelt region of the Balkans includes countries such as Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Albania. Each of these nations has its own unique set of challenges and historical grievances, contributing to the overall instability of the region.

Shatterbelt

Balkans

Why this region is a shatterbeltThe Balkans is historically known as a shatterbelt due to its complex ethnic composition and strategic location between major powers, including Russia, the European Union, and Turkey. The region has experienced numerous conflicts, notably during the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, which saw violent ethnic tensions and wars. External countries, such as NATO and the United States, intervened under various pretexts, further complicating the situation. The region remains a potential flashpoint for political conflict, as Russia seeks to regain influence while the EU aims to promote stability and democracy. The unresolved issues from past conflicts continue to fuel nationalistic sentiments, making the Balkans a prime example of a geopolitical shatterbelt.Impact on the regionPolitically, the Balkans is characterized by unstable governments and ethnic divisions that often lead to protests and civil unrest. Economically, the region suffers from high unemployment and reliance on foreign aid, which hampers development. Socially, the lingering effects of war have created deep-seated mistrust among different ethnic groups. This distrust complicates efforts to foster cooperation and unity within the region. Additionally, the potential for proxy conflicts involving external powers keeps the region on edge. Overall, the shatterbelt status of the Balkans has resulted in ongoing challenges that affect every aspect of life.

Countries/areas includedThe Sahel region encompasses countries such as Mali, Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso, Sudan and Mauritania. Each nation grapples with its unique set of challenges, contributing to the overall instability of the region.

Shatterbelt

Sahel Region

Why this region is a shatterbeltThe Sahel region in Africa is a shatterbelt due to its vulnerability to climate change, political instability, and the influence of external powers. The area has experienced conflicts fueled by ethnic tensions and competition for resources, which have attracted foreign military interventions. The presence of extremist groups has exacerbated insecurity, making the Sahel a battleground for competing interests from neighboring countries and global powers. The region’s agricultural challenges, worsened by climate change, highlight the shatterbelt concept as local communities struggle for survival.Impact on the regionPolitically, the Sahel is marked by weak governments and frequent coups, leading to instability and conflict. Economically, the region faces challenges such as poverty and underdevelopment, exacerbated by environmental issues. Socially, ethnic divisions and competition for resources lead to violence and displacement, impacting millions. The involvement of foreign military forces complicates local dynamics and raises questions about sovereignty. Additionally, the ongoing humanitarian crisis poses significant challenges for regional stability and development. The shatterbelt status of the Sahel influences its trajectory and future.

Countries/areas includedThe Horn of Africa includes countries such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia,and Djibouti. Each nation is shaped by its unique history and the influences of its neighbors, contributing to the overall complexity of the region.

Shatterbelt

Horn of Africa

Why this region is a shatterbeltThe Horn of Africa is a shatterbelt due to its geopolitical significance and the presence of competing interests from neighboring countries and global powers. The region has faced ongoing conflicts, such as the Eritrean-Ethiopian War and the civil strife in Somalia, which have attracted external involvement from countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, and even the United States. The strategic location of the Horn provides access to vital maritime routes, making it a focal point for military and economic interests. The interplay of ethnic tensions and external influences has created a volatile environment, exemplifying the shatterbelt concept.Impact on the regionPolitically, the Horn of Africa is characterized by fragile governments and frequent shifts in power, leading to instability. Economically, the region struggles with poverty and underdevelopment, exacerbated by ongoing conflicts and foreign intervention. Socially, ethnic tensions have led to violence and displacement, with millions of people affected by humanitarian crises. The presence of foreign military bases, particularly from the United States, complicates local dynamics and fuels resentment. Additionally, the region's instability has significant implications for global security, as it becomes a hotspot for extremist groups. The shatterbelt status of the Horn of Africa continues to impact its future.