PEOPLE & THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Fall 2025
The behavior and human influences on the living world
presentation
Talita Aguiar, Ph.D
Lect. 7!
...
The behavior and human influences on the living world
PEOPLE & THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world
Talita Aguiar, Ph.D
So, this is the end or the start?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Animal Behavior, Genetics of Behavior, and Environmental Influence
What it is the interplay between genetics, behavior, and human influence on the environment?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Anne and Bernard Spitzer Hall of Human Origins - 6 million years of evolution
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
What is Animal Behavior?
It`s a controversial field of biology!
But, we can define: Animal behavior encompasses all the ways animals interact with their environment and other organisms
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
biology + enviroment = always replicate?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
give me examples...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
The Science of Ethology
Ethology is the study of animal behavior in natural settings
- Innate Behaviors: Genetically programmed (reflexes).
- Learned Behaviors: Acquired through experience (tool use).
Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist, was among the first to describe attachment behaviors of geese soon after hatching. In his classic experiment, Lorenz divided eggs laid by a greylag gooseinto two groups. One of the groups was hatched by their mother and immediately began following her around.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
The Science of Ethology
The second group was hatched in an incubator, but in the absence of their mother, they began instead to follow Lorenz. Even if Lorenz placed the goslings in a box so that both groups were separated from their mother or himself, they would reliably segregate toward their mother or toward Lorenz, according to whom they were first exposed.
He was the first to name this phenomenon “imprinting”
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
How animals learn?
Classical Learning (Classical Conditioning): Classical learning is a type of associative learning where an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a conditioned response. Key Example: Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus) with food (meaningful stimulus), causing them to salivate (conditioned response) when they heard the bell.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
controversy?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
How animals learn?
Non-Associative Learning: Non-associative learning involves a change in behavior due to repeated exposure to a single stimulus, without forming associations between different stimuli. Two Main Types: Habituation: A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time (ignoring a persistent, harmless sound). Sensitization: An increase in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure (becoming more irritated by a buzzing mosquito).
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
How animals learn?
Operant Learning : Operant learning is a type of learning where an organism’s behavior is influenced by consequences, such as rewards or punishments. Key Concept: Behavior is strengthened by rewards (reinforcements) or weakened by punishments.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
How animals learn?
The study where rats exposed to a specific smell (cherry blossom) paired with a mild shock learned to associate the smell with fear. Remarkably, their offspring showed heightened sensitivity to the same scent, despite never being exposed to it before. This suggests epigenetic inheritance, where experiences can influence gene expression and be passed down through generations
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
How Biology Shapes Actions
Nervous System: Coordinates sensory input and responses...Hormones: Regulate aggression, reproduction, etc... Evolution: Behaviors increase survival and reproduction...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Genetics and Behavior
Genes can play a role in shaping behavior...but...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Genetics and Behavior
We have to be carefull...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Genetics and Behavior
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
when Genetics plays a role in Behavior
FOXP2 gene is often referred to as the "language gene," plays a crucial role in speech and communication in humans and vocal learning in birds. In humans, FOXP2 mutations can lead to speech and language impairments, emphasizing its role in motor control of speech. Research in birds, like songbirds, shows that FOXP2 is active in brain regions responsible for song learning and production. Studies suggest that the gene’s function is conserved across species, linking vocal communication in birds and human language, with implications for understanding evolutionary pathways of speech and learning.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
when Genetics plays a role in Behavior
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
when Genetics plays a role in Behavior
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Twin Studies in Humans
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Twin Studies in Humans
The NASA Twins Study investigated the physiological and genetic effects of long-term space travel by studying identical twins Scott and Mark Kelly. Over 340 days, Scott lived aboard the International Space Station, while Mark remained on Earth, serving as the control subject. This groundbreaking study provided insights into how the human body adapts to the extreme conditions of space and its recovery process upon returning to Earth.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Twin Studies in Humans
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Biology is everything?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
our "understanding" is related to our "social behavior"
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
but behavior it`s also a way that animals interact with their environment
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
how our specie is treating the enviroment?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
how our specie is treating the enviroment?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Deforestation and Urbanization
Expanding cities and agribusiness reduce natural habitats, threatening countless species.The Amazon rainforest loses millions of acres annually. Impact: Loss of species and disruption of ecosystems.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Pollution
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Global Warming
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Global Warming
The extinction of species is a natural part of evolution, but we are accelerating the process.
Cousin Dino, is that you?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Global Warming
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Global Warming
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Overexploitation of Resources
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Overexploitation of Resources
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Sustainable fishing
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Mitigation and Conservation
Efforts to Restore Balance
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
We are leaving in a looping?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Human Health and the Environment
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Human Health and the Environment
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Properties of Life
Class 1: The Science of Biology, The Chemistry of Life - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
End of our chapter...but, before...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
What I expected you bring from this course?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Answers?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Off course no...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
for your life....
How do individual and collective behaviors contribute to environmental problems and solutions?
What changes can consumers make to reduce their environmental footprints?
Does increasing awareness always lead to behavioral change? Why or why not?
How does scientific research help us address global challenges like climate change, food security, or renewable energy? In what ways can young scientists or students contribute to global progress through science?
How has scientific advancement in fields like genetics, vaccines, or biotechnology improved human health and longevity?
How do global health crises (e.g., pandemics) highlight the importance of collaboration and innovation in science?
How can the benefits of scientific progress in human health also support biodiversity and ecosystem preservation?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Lect. 7 - Human influences in the living world
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Transcript
PEOPLE & THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Fall 2025
The behavior and human influences on the living world
presentation
Talita Aguiar, Ph.D
Lect. 7!
...
The behavior and human influences on the living world
PEOPLE & THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world
Talita Aguiar, Ph.D
So, this is the end or the start?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Animal Behavior, Genetics of Behavior, and Environmental Influence
What it is the interplay between genetics, behavior, and human influence on the environment?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Anne and Bernard Spitzer Hall of Human Origins - 6 million years of evolution
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
What is Animal Behavior?
It`s a controversial field of biology!
But, we can define: Animal behavior encompasses all the ways animals interact with their environment and other organisms
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
biology + enviroment = always replicate?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
give me examples...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
The Science of Ethology
Ethology is the study of animal behavior in natural settings
Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist, was among the first to describe attachment behaviors of geese soon after hatching. In his classic experiment, Lorenz divided eggs laid by a greylag gooseinto two groups. One of the groups was hatched by their mother and immediately began following her around.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
The Science of Ethology
The second group was hatched in an incubator, but in the absence of their mother, they began instead to follow Lorenz. Even if Lorenz placed the goslings in a box so that both groups were separated from their mother or himself, they would reliably segregate toward their mother or toward Lorenz, according to whom they were first exposed.
He was the first to name this phenomenon “imprinting”
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
How animals learn?
Classical Learning (Classical Conditioning): Classical learning is a type of associative learning where an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a conditioned response. Key Example: Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus) with food (meaningful stimulus), causing them to salivate (conditioned response) when they heard the bell.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
controversy?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
How animals learn?
Non-Associative Learning: Non-associative learning involves a change in behavior due to repeated exposure to a single stimulus, without forming associations between different stimuli. Two Main Types: Habituation: A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time (ignoring a persistent, harmless sound). Sensitization: An increase in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure (becoming more irritated by a buzzing mosquito).
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
How animals learn?
Operant Learning : Operant learning is a type of learning where an organism’s behavior is influenced by consequences, such as rewards or punishments. Key Concept: Behavior is strengthened by rewards (reinforcements) or weakened by punishments.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
How animals learn?
The study where rats exposed to a specific smell (cherry blossom) paired with a mild shock learned to associate the smell with fear. Remarkably, their offspring showed heightened sensitivity to the same scent, despite never being exposed to it before. This suggests epigenetic inheritance, where experiences can influence gene expression and be passed down through generations
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
How Biology Shapes Actions
Nervous System: Coordinates sensory input and responses...Hormones: Regulate aggression, reproduction, etc... Evolution: Behaviors increase survival and reproduction...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Genetics and Behavior
Genes can play a role in shaping behavior...but...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Genetics and Behavior
We have to be carefull...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Genetics and Behavior
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
when Genetics plays a role in Behavior
FOXP2 gene is often referred to as the "language gene," plays a crucial role in speech and communication in humans and vocal learning in birds. In humans, FOXP2 mutations can lead to speech and language impairments, emphasizing its role in motor control of speech. Research in birds, like songbirds, shows that FOXP2 is active in brain regions responsible for song learning and production. Studies suggest that the gene’s function is conserved across species, linking vocal communication in birds and human language, with implications for understanding evolutionary pathways of speech and learning.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
when Genetics plays a role in Behavior
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
when Genetics plays a role in Behavior
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Twin Studies in Humans
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Twin Studies in Humans
The NASA Twins Study investigated the physiological and genetic effects of long-term space travel by studying identical twins Scott and Mark Kelly. Over 340 days, Scott lived aboard the International Space Station, while Mark remained on Earth, serving as the control subject. This groundbreaking study provided insights into how the human body adapts to the extreme conditions of space and its recovery process upon returning to Earth.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Twin Studies in Humans
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Biology is everything?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
our "understanding" is related to our "social behavior"
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
but behavior it`s also a way that animals interact with their environment
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
how our specie is treating the enviroment?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
how our specie is treating the enviroment?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Deforestation and Urbanization
Expanding cities and agribusiness reduce natural habitats, threatening countless species.The Amazon rainforest loses millions of acres annually. Impact: Loss of species and disruption of ecosystems.
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Pollution
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Global Warming
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Global Warming
The extinction of species is a natural part of evolution, but we are accelerating the process.
Cousin Dino, is that you?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Global Warming
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Global Warming
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Overexploitation of Resources
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Overexploitation of Resources
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Sustainable fishing
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Mitigation and Conservation
Efforts to Restore Balance
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
We are leaving in a looping?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Human Health and the Environment
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Human Health and the Environment
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Properties of Life
Class 1: The Science of Biology, The Chemistry of Life - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
End of our chapter...but, before...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
What I expected you bring from this course?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Answers?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
Off course no...
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D
for your life....
How do individual and collective behaviors contribute to environmental problems and solutions?
What changes can consumers make to reduce their environmental footprints?
Does increasing awareness always lead to behavioral change? Why or why not?
How does scientific research help us address global challenges like climate change, food security, or renewable energy? In what ways can young scientists or students contribute to global progress through science?
How has scientific advancement in fields like genetics, vaccines, or biotechnology improved human health and longevity?
How do global health crises (e.g., pandemics) highlight the importance of collaboration and innovation in science?
How can the benefits of scientific progress in human health also support biodiversity and ecosystem preservation?
Lecture 7: The behavior and human influences on the living world - Talita Aguiar Ph.D