IS315_Week NINE Lecture_2024

IS315 Week eight & Nine, 2024

Dr N. shahrokni

(Hidden) Wars

Meet the director

posters Hotline

hidden wars

1st assignment

wars

song

agenda

Thank you Ladan Hassan

Khadija Abdullahi Daleys, Mother Of Somali Music

Goes beyond the surfaceShows ability to synthesize material with insightful commentary

critical thinking & depth of analysis

04

Engage critically with readings and use videos to ground analysis in real stories

engagement with course material & videos

03

How Islam, the state & societal structures shape women's experiences How they navigate challenges Compare & contrast cases

content

02

Clear introduction, Coherence and logical flow, Adherence to guidelines & referencing

structure & organization

01

Review of the 1st assignment

If you know, you know :)

Nazanin

Refer to past slides and guidelines for good posters. Use your time effectively.

There is no class next week. Take this time to work on your reports and posters. I will be available by email to answer your questions and help you if you are stuck. Send me clear questions and you will receive clear answers.

Poster: Hotline

visible & hidden warfare

wars that shape(d) the middle east

Control over essential resources as a means of coercion

Sanctions, embargoes & financial restrictions to weaken an opponent

Indirect conflict where external powers support local actors

Military engagement between states or organized entities

resource warfare

Economic WArfare

proxy warfare

Conventional warfare

types of warfare

Iraq War & Its Regional Impact

conventional warfare

TIMELINE

1. Prelude to War (2001–2003)September 11, 2001: The U.S. government focuses on eliminating threats from perceived hostile states. January 2002: President George W. Bush includes Iraq in the “Axis of Evil,” suggesting it may possess weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). October 2002: U.S. Congress authorizes the use of military force in Iraq. November 2002: UN Security Council Resolution 1441 requires Iraq to comply with disarmament obligations. Iraq allows inspectors back in but denies possessing WMDs. 2. Invasion of Iraq (March–April 2003) March 19-20, 2003: The U.S. launches Operation Iraqi Freedom, launching airstrikes on & ground invasion of Baghdad. April 9, 2003: Baghdad falls, marking the end of Saddam Hussein’s regime. 3. Early Occupation and Insurgency (2003–2006) May 2003: The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) is established, led by Paul Bremer, to govern Iraq temporarily. De-Ba’athification of Iraq and disbanding of the Iraqi military starts, which creates a power vacuum and fuels insurgency. December 13, 2003: Saddam Hussein is captured by U.S. forces near Tikrit. April–May 2004: U.S. Marines launch an offensive against insurgents in Fallujah, encountering fierce resistance. Photos surface of U.S. personnel abusing Iraqi prisoners in Abu Ghraib, sparking outrage. 2007: U.S. “surge” strategy is implemented, deploying an additional 30,000 troops. The strategy, combined with alliances with Sunni tribes (the “Awakening Councils”), reduces violence. 4. Withdrawal and End of U.S. Combat Mission (2009–2011) 2008: U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) is signed, outlining the timeline for U.S. withdrawal. August 31, 2010: Official end of U.S. combat operations in Iraq.

Thank you Adam Ivanovic for your contribution

Grant Wakefield describes the work: This 78 min. audio documentary, released by HIDDEN ART RECORDS in 2002, arose as a result of my efforts with pioneering activist Miriam Ryle to publicise the devastating effect that the bombing of the 1991 Gulf War and subsequent sanctions were having on the civilian population of Iraq. Faced with intransigence, ignorance and outright hostility from mainstream media, a planned visual documentary was abandoned in favour of an audio odyssey that took us from the heartbreaking hospitals of Baghdad to the depths of US foreign policy archives, from the stunning kindness of a UN official to some of the best musical talents of the UK electronica scene, all of whom contributed to the project for nothing, and donated their royalties to MEDICAL AID TO IRAQI CHILDREN. The album took over 3 years to make, half of which was spent fighting legal battles with music companies over rights, whilst 3000-5000 children died every month from malnutrition, dehydration and easily preventable disease in a political climate that was, in our opinion, cruel beyond measure, totally pointless and ultimately counter-productive.

the fire this time

Emergence of Regional Institutions & Cooperative Frameworks

Sectarian Divisions and Conflicts

Erosion of State Sovereignty and Rise of Non-State Actors

Resurgence of Regional Powers

Decline of U.S. Hegemony and Rise of Regional Multipolarity

The Implications of the Iraq War

Fawcett refers to the Iraq War as a Critical Juncture and concludes that the Iraq War set in motion processes that continue to shape the Middle East’s regional architecture, resulting in a landscape characterized by fluid alliances, competition among regional powers, and a gradual move toward new forms of regional engagement and institutions. These developments indicate a redefined Middle Eastern order, where regional players have greater autonomy, but stability remains uncertain.

Proxy warfare

proxy wars refer to conflicts where two or more external powers support opposing sides within a third country’s civil or interstate conflict, rather than engaging each other directly. Proxy wars often arise in geopolitical contexts where direct confrontation could lead to significant economic or military costs, or where direct intervention might carry high political risks, such as those associated with violating international norms.

often find fertile ground in sectarian or ideological divides

are less costly financially, diplomatically, & politically than the potential repercussions of direct involvement, especially in areas with international scrutiny

often play out with irregular militias, insurgencies, or local factions funded by external states

often arise from a security dilemma, where actions taken by one state to secure itself lead other states to take countermeasures

are tools through which states seek to balance power & expand influence in a region without direct confrontation.

proxy wars

US Economic Sanctions Against Iran, Iraq, ...

economic warfare

The Impacts of US Economic Sanctions on Iraq

Economic sanctions on Iraq, especially those imposed from 1990 to 2003, had devastating effects on the country’s population, leading to a humanitarian crisis. Child Mortality Rates: According to UNICEF, child mortality rates under the age of 5 in Iraq nearly doubled during the sanctions period, rising from 56 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1989 to 131 per 1,000 in 1999. Health Crisis: By the mid-1990s, approximately 30% of children under 5 were suffering from malnutrition, according to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates. Hospitals reported widespread shortages of essential medicines & equipment, affecting healthcare quality and outcomes . Economic : Iraq’s per capita income dropped by nearly 75%, from around $3,500 in the late 1980s to less than $1,000 by the mid-1990s, making basic necessities increasingly unaffordable. Education System : Iraq’s education system, once among the best in the Arab world, deteriorated sharply. Teachers' wages plummeted & many schools were unable to afford basic supplies. By 1999, UNICEF estimated that about 20% of primary school-aged children were no longer attending school . And the list goes on...

IRAN UNDER SANCTIONS

IRAN UNDER SANCTIONS

Physical/Mental Fatigue

Time Poverty

Triple Labor

Depleted Households

• triple labor & time poverty deplete energies & exhaust bodies.
• due to the state's austerity measures, resources for replenishment have been reduced or privatized.

• time is an unevenly distributed resource
• the scarcity of discretionary time
• the gender gap created by material constraints and cultural expectations

• home as a site of production & reproduction
• increased unpaid work
• increased care work

Shifting Household Dynamics

Weaponization of resources against the Kurdish communities in Turkey or against the Palestinians by Israel

Resource warfare

Control over natural resources as a tactic to limit autonomy and resistance. Yildrim’s article highlights Turkey’s "low-intensity war" against Kurdish regions through ecological degradation, deforestation, and dam construction.He suggests viewing these tactics as part of a colonial legacy, where environmental degradation serves imperial and national security interests.

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