LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

UNIT 2

THE SKELETON

THE MUSCLES

MOVEMENTS

A HEALTHY LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

Imagine what would you look like without bones...

THE SKELETON

The SKELETON is the set of all the bones of the human body. FUNCTIONS: - It shapes the body. - Allows us to maintain posture. - Intervenes in movement. - Protects delicate organs (brain, spinal cord, heart...) PARTS: - Head: Bones of the skull and face, it protects the brain. (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, nasal, maxillary) - Trunk: Bones of the spine and thoracic cage, they protect the spinal cord and organs such as the heart, lungs... (33 vertebrae, sternum, clavicle, shoulder blades, ribs, pelvis) - Limbs: Bones of the arms and legs (humerus, ulna, radius, carpus, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsals and phalanges)

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THE SKELETON

BONES They are hard and solid organs on the outside, but sponge-like on the inside. Bones contain calcium and, to grow, they need nutrients. There are 3 TYPES: - Long: as in the extremities. - Short: as in the vertebrae. - Plains: like those of the skull. CARTILAGE: Tissue more flexible and softer than bone tissue that covers the end of many bones. It is present in the nose or ear. LIGAMENTS Are fibrous tissue that are the joining points of some of our bones that allow movement (bend and stretch).

SLIDES

ligaments vs Cartilage

THE MUSCLES

MUSCLES are elastic organs with the ability to act in response to orders from the nervous system. They are attached to the bones by TENDONS (resistant cords) so when they shrink they move the bones. PARTS: - Head: Flat and ring-shaped, they allow us to chew, gesture and speak. - Trunk: They are large and flat, they support the spine, protect internal organs and help you breathe. (pectorals, abdominals, trapezius, dorsal and glutes) - Limbs: Elongated, narrower at the ends than in the central part. (deltoids, biceps, triceps, quadriceps, femoral, tibialis)

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THE MUSCLES

HOW DOES IT WORK? The LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM is made up of the skeletal system and the muscular system. The orders from the nervous system reach the muscular system through the motor nerves, the muscles contract and move the bones with them. When the muscles relax they stretch, returning the bones to their position. In each movement, two antagonistic muscles intervene (one stretches and the other contracts) and a joint.

THE MUSCLES

Voluntary muscles. We choose to contract them to move around.

Involuntary muscles. They contract automatically. Ex: the heart pump blood around the body

Involuntary muscles. They can contract without us thinking about it.

TYPES

TENDONS: They attach muscles to bones. When we want to move, muscles contract and tendons pull on bones.

MOVEMENTS

VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS Voluntary movements are executed by orders from the brain and we perform them consciously. They are very fast and almost automatic. Like when we hear the phone and move our arms to pick it up. REFLEX MOVEMENTS Reflex movements are very fast and involuntary. The brain is not involved, but the spinal cord does. Like when we touch hot soup and quickly remove our hand so as not to continue burning ourselves. Two antagonistic muscles (one stretches and the other contracts) and a joint works in each movement.

A HEALTHY LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

INJURIES - FRACTURES: When a bone is broken They are usually cured by immobilizing it with a cast or splint. In complicated cases, they need surgery. - SPRAINS: They are the inflammation of the ligaments due to a sprain. They are common on ankles, knees and wrists. - CONTRACTURES: They are the involuntary contraction of a muscle due to overwork or poor posture. HEALTHY DIET To keep bones healthy and strong, especially during their growth, it is important to consume foods rich in calcium and phosphorus (such as milk and its derivatives, nuts, legumes, seafood, vegetables...) as well as ensure the adequate amount of vitamin D (with oily fish, eggs and some mushrooms, as well as with correct exposure to sunlight)

A HEALTHY LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

EXERCISE Regular exercise is essential for good health. It is important to start with a warm-up (appropriate to the activity we are going to do) and finish with a stretch that will relax our muscles. POSITION Proper posture prevents injuries to both the skeletal and muscular systems. TIPS: - Sit with your back straight. - Bend your knees when bending over to pick up weight. - Hang the backpack on both shoulders to distribute the weight. - Sit down to put on your shoes. - Avoid heels and excessively tight clothing. - It is advisable to sleep on your side with your knees bent and a pillow that is not too high.

CURIOSITIES

1. The skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. 2. There are 650 skeletal muscles in the human body. 3. Muscles make up 40% of the body’s weight. 4. The longest bone in the human body is the femur (thighbone). 5. The smallest bone in the human body is the stapes (stirrup bone) in the ear. 6. Joints allow movement at the points where two or more bones come together. 7. There are four main types of joints: ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, and gliding. 8. Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints. 9. Tendons are tough cords of tissue that connect muscles to bones. 10. The knee is the largest joint in the body and has the greatest range of motion of any joint.