Didactic unit
Module 2. Your Health Is In Your Hands
Start!
CONTENT
2. Lesson 7
1. Unit presentation
3. Lesson 8
6. Conclusions
4. Lesson 9
5. Lesson 10
8. References
7. Unit Summary and Self-evaluation
1. Unit presentation
UNIT 2 PRESENTATION
In this unit, we will study the primary molecules that make up living organisms, including biogenic elements, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. We will examine their structure, function, and presence in food. By understanding how these biomolecules affect our bodies, you can make informed choices about maintaining a balanced diet and improving quality of life.
1. Unit presentation
Introduction
"What you eat today can determine how you'll feel tomorrow: from the energy you have to how your body ages."
Have you ever wondered why certain foods give us energy while others make us feel tired? How do our daily food choices relate to aging and the development of chronic degenerative diseases like diabetes or hypertension? The answers to these questions can be found in the chemical components of food and how they interact with our bodies. In this unit, we will examine the essential molecules in living organisms and food, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and understand their role in maintaining our vital functions. Understanding the chemical components of living organisms will help us understand their nutritional properties and make more informed decisions about what we eat, leading to a healthier and more sustainable lifestyle.
1. Unit presentation
Primary
Biogenic Elements
Secondary
Trace Elements
The Chemistry of Life
Physicochemical properties
Water
Role of water in living thing processes
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Structure and role of biomolecules
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Water-soluble vitamins
Vitamins and nutritional properties
Fat-soluble vitamins
Nutrition and diet
1. Unit presentation
Objectives
This second unit will allow you:
Recognize
Describe
Distinguish
Identify
biogenic elements in biological processes.
the nutritional properties of chemical components in foods.
the physicochemical properties of water.
the structure and function of organisms' biomolecules and vitamins.
2. Lesson 7. Teens and Physical Health
Introduction
Physical health for teens is something that can be very confusing. Your body is changing so much and you are experiencing crazy emotions, but at the same time, maybe you don't feel comfortable with your relationships with adults to talk to them about these issues. So who do you turn to? Many will talk to friends, but if you don't know the answers, do you really think your friends will have much more information than you do? Being informed about what is happening to your body and how you can control it (or not!) is key. It's up to you to know how to take care of yourself the best way possible. While many of these topics can be very uncomfortable, they are probably some of the most important things you need to know to protect your future. So while it's hard to face these issues head on, it can be the best thing you ever do.
2. Lesson 7. Teens and Physical Health
Physical Health
Infectious Diseases
Non Infectious Diseases
Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a leading cause of death and disability among adolescents, and are the biggest killer of young people worldwide. Some other include:
- Drowning
- Violence
- Alcohol and drug use
- Tobacco use
Understanding why and how physical changes affect you can help you find ways to maintain good physical health.
2. Lesson 7. Teens and Physical Health
Sexual Health
According to the American Sexual Health Association, Sexual Health is “ the ability to embrace and enjoy our sexuality throughout our lives”. It is an important part of our physical and emotional health. Sexuality includes love, intimacy, and healthy relationships with your partner. Importantly, in order to be sexually healthy one needs to be physically, mentally, emotionally and socially healthy.
Teen Pregnancy
STI's
2. Lesson 7. Teens and Physical Health
Skill to Maintain Physical and Sexual Health
3. Teens and Mental Health
Mental Health and Youth
Mental health is an important part of a child or young person's overall health. It's normal for children and youth to experience emotional distress as they develop, but if symptoms persist, it may be time to seek professional help. According to the World Health Organization (2024) it is estimated that one in seven (14%) of 10–19-year-olds experience mental health conditions, yet these remain largely unrecognized and untreated. Various factors influence mental health during adolescence. Increased exposure to risk factors can significantly impact well-being. Stressors include adversity, peer pressure, and identity exploration. Media influence and gender norms may widen the gap between adolescents' reality and aspirations. Additionally, the quality of home life and peer relationships are important. Experiences of violence, harsh parenting, and socioeconomic difficulties are significant risks to mental health.
3. Teens and Mental Health
Most commom teen mental disorders
Anxiety Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent in this age group and are more common among older than among younger adolescents. It is estimated that 4.4% of 10–14-year-olds and 5.5% of 15–19-year-olds experience an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders, like other mental health conditions, result from a complex interaction of social, psychological and biological factors.
Depression Depressive disorder is a common mental disorder. It involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods of time.. According to WHO (2024) it is estimated to occur among 1.4% of adolescents aged 10–14 years, and 3.5% of 15–19-year-olds. Depression and anxiety share some of the same symptoms, including rapid and unexpected changes in mood.
3. Teens and Mental Health
Substance Abuse Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a person’s brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. Symptoms can be moderate to severe, with addiction being the most severe form of SUD. People with a SUD may also have other mental health disorders, and people with mental health disorders may also struggle with substance use. These other mental health disorders can include anxiety disorders, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, personality disorders, and schizophrenia, among others. Common risk factors can contribute to both SUDs and other mental disorders.
- Both SUDs and other mental disorders can run in families, meaning certain genes may be a risk factor.
- Environmental factors, such as stress or trauma, can cause genetic changes that are passed down through generations and may contribute to the development of a mental disorder or a substance use disorder.
- Brain changes in people with mental disorders may enhance the rewarding effects of substances, making it more likely they will continue to use the substance.
Behavioral Therapies for SUD treatment
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
- Assertive Community Treatment (ACT)
- Therapeutic Communities
- Contingency Management
Some effective behavioral treatments for children and adolescents include:
- Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) therapy targets family interactions thought to maintain or worsen adolescent SUDs and other co-occurring problem behaviors.
- Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) works with the whole family to simultaneously address multiple and interacting adolescent problem behaviors, such as substance use, mental disorders, school problems, delinquency, and others.
- Multisystemic Therapy (MST) targets key factors associated with serious antisocial behavior in children and adolescents with SUDs.
3. Teens and Mental Health
Eating Disorders There is a commonly held misconception that eating disorders are a lifestyle choice. Eating disorders are actually serious and often fatal illnesses that are associated with severe disturbances in people’s eating behaviors and related thoughts and emotions. Preoccupation with food, body weight, and shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.
Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is a condition where people have recurrent and frequent episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food and feeling a lack of control over these episodes. This binge-eating is followed by behavior that compensates for the overeating such as forced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, excessive exercise, or a combination of these behaviors. People with bulimia nervosa may be slightly underweight, normal weight, or over overweight.
Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a condition where people avoid food, severely restrict food, or eat very small quantities of only certain foods. They also may weigh themselves repeatedly. Even when dangerously underweight, they may see themselves as overweight.
3. Teens and Mental Health
3. Teens and Mental Health
Jacobson Relaxation Technique
3. Teens and Mental Health
Mindfulness Meditation
3. Water Properties
Role of water in living things
Due to its properties, water plays highly significant roles in living organisms. These functions are described below:
- Solvent for substances: practically all biological reactions take place in an aqueous medium.
- Biochemical: water participates in many chemical reactions; for example, in hydrolysis during food digestion and as a source of hydrogen in photosynthesis, etc.
- Transport: water serves as the transport medium for substances from the outside to the inside of organisms and within the organism itself, sometimes involving considerable effort, as in the ascent of raw sap in trees.
- Structural: the volume and shape of cells that lack a rigid membrane are maintained thanks to the pressure exerted by the water inside them.
- Thermoregulation: this is due to water's high specific heat and heat of vaporization. For example, when animals sweat, they release water, which absorbs heat from the body to evaporate, causing the body to cool down as a result.
- Osmoregulation: It is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
4. Biomolecules
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGANIC BIOMOLECULES
Biomolecules are divided into four groups based on their chemical structure and function. The groups and their respective roles are as follows:
- Carbohydrates - structure and energy
- Lipids - energy storage
- Proteins - cellular functioning
- Nucleic acids - reproduction and coding of proteins.
Organic biomolecules are complex molecules essential for living organisms' proper functioning. They are composed of C, H, O, N, and sometimes other elements. These molecules are critical in various biological processes, such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Understanding the structure and function of organic biomolecules is crucial in fields such as biochemistry, pharmacology, and medicine.
Carbon is the molecular "skeleton" in these biomolecules, providing great potential for structural variability. Each of these biomolecules is explained in detail later.
4. Biomolecules: Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
The carbon skeletons of both glucose and fructose are six carbon atoms long. Other monosaccharides may have three to seven carbons. Five-carbon sugars, called pentoses, and six-carbon sugars, called hexoses, are among the most common. Functions
- They are necessary for chemical energy production, making them essential for the energy metabolism of living organisms.
- They play a role in forming structures like cell walls and membranes.
- They are components of cartilage, bones, and tendons.
- They are also present in nucleic acids.
- They are produced during the process of photosynthesis.
The name carbohydrate refers to a class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharides, such as the starch molecules we consume in pasta and potatoes. If you count the numbers of different atoms in the fructose molecule in the figure above, you will find that its molecular formula is C6H12O6, identical to that of glucose. Thus, glucose and fructose are isomers.
Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
Food Sources
4. Biomolecules: Lipids
Simple lipids
Derived lipids
Lipids
These lipids are made of C, H and O. Their structure are comprised of two simple molecules: fatty acids and –OH groups.
There are obtained from the transformation or degradation of simple/complex lipids. They include substances such as sterols and fat-soluble vitamins.
Lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they share one trait: They do not mix well with water. Lipids consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds. Some of the may contained sulfur or phosphorus. Lipids also differ from carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids in that they are neither huge macromolecules nor polymers built from similar monomers.
- Structural components of membranes and cellular tissues.
- Energy reserve
- They act as thermal insulator and protect certain organs from physical blows.
- Functional components of hormones
- Catalytic activities.
Cholesterol
Progesterone
Complex lipids
These are composed of C, H, and O and may contain other elements such as N, P, or S. They serve more specific structural and metabolic functions in organisms.
Testosterone
Estrogen
Food Sources
Aldosterone
Cortisol
4. Biomolecules: Proteins
Proteins
- Proteins are macromolecules made up of long chains of amino acids. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins, and each one consists of the following chemical groups:
- Amino Group (–NH2): A basic functional group.
- Carboxyl Group (–COOH): An acidic functional group.
- Side Chain or R-group: The variable part of each amino acid that determines its chemical and physical properties.
- Hydrogen Atom (–H): Attached to the alpha carbon, which is the central carbon atom to which the other groups are bonded.
Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, which form between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another, releasing a molecule of water (dehydration synthesis).
FUNCTION
CHEMICAL COMP.
STRUCTURE
SOLUBILITY
4. Biomolecules: Nucleic acids
RNA
RNA is a single-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, uracil, cytosine, or guanine). Uracil replaces thymine found in DNA.
Role
- Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome, where it is translated into proteins.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Part of the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, matching its anticodons with mRNA codons.
VS
DNA
DNA is a double-helix molecule composed of two nucleotide chains. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).
Role
DNA stores and transmits genetic information that guides the development, function, and reproduction of organisms. It is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Additionally, DNA is found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells.
5. Vitamins and nutrition
VITAMINS
Role of vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds essential for the body, as they cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities and must be obtained through diet. Vitamins have a wide variety of chemical structures but are categorized into two major groups based on their solubility:
- Cofactors and Coenzymes: Many vitamins act as coenzymes or precursors of coenzymes that assist enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions. For example, B-complex vitamins are essential for energy metabolism.
- Antioxidants: Some vitamins, such as vitamin C and vitamin E, act as antioxidants, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals.
- Tissue Maintenance and Growth: Vitamin A is vital for vision, tissue growth, and skin health. Vitamin D regulates calcium metabolism, essential for bone maintenance.
- Blood Clotting: Vitamin K plays a key role in synthesizing proteins involved in blood clotting.
- Immune System: Several vitamins, such as vitamin C, help strengthen the immune system.
4. Week 2
Water-soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
B Vitamins:
- Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Helps in carbohydrate metabolism and the functioning of the nervous system.
- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Participates in energy production and in the health of the skin and eyes.
- Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Contributes to energy metabolism and the health of the skin, nervous system, and digestive tract.
- Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Involved in the synthesis of coenzyme A, crucial for metabolism.
- Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Important for amino acid metabolism and brain function.
- Vitamin B7 (Biotin): Participates in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
- Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid): Essential for DNA formation and cell synthesis, especially important during pregnancy.
- Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): Necessary for red blood cell formation and nervous system function.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Acts as an antioxidant, helps in collagen synthesis, and improves iron absorption.
Vitamin A: Essential for vision, skin health, and immune system function. Found in the forms of retinol and beta-carotene (provitamin A). Vitamin D: Aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, promoting bone health. Can be obtained through sunlight exposure and certain foods. Vitamin E: Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and participating in immune system health. Vitamin K: Crucial for blood clotting and bone health. There are two main forms: K1 (phylloquinone), found in green leafy vegetables, and K2 (menaquinone), found in animal products and fermented foods.
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3. Sesiones de aprendizaje / 03
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Ejemplo
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Reflexiona
Sphingolipids
Sphingolipids are lipid-containing sphingosine, an amino alcohol, instead of glycerol. They are mainly found in cell membranes, especially in nerve cells. Sphingolipids help form the cell membrane structure, protect the cell surface, and play a role in signaling processes for cell communication, especially in the nervous system. They are crucial for maintaining membrane stability and ensuring proper cell communication, particularly in tissues like the brain and nervous system.
Glycolipids
Glycolipids are lipids with one or more carbohydrate groups attached. They are usually located in the outer layer of the cell membrane. Glycolipids are crucial for cell recognition and communication. They assist in the identification of cells, which is vital for immune system function and tissue formation.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, and can affect anyone, regardless of sexual orientation or hygiene.
Estrogens
Estrogens are a group of steroid hormones primarily involved in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics. The three main types of estrogens are estradiol, estrone, and estriol.
- Reproductive function: Estrogens regulate the menstrual cycle and are essential for the growth and development of the uterine lining (endometrium), preparing it for potential pregnancy.
- Sexual development: During puberty, estrogens are responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development, widening of the hips, and body fat distribution.
- Bone health: Estrogens help maintain bone density by slowing down the process of bone breakdown, which is important for preventing osteoporosis.
- Cardiovascular protection: Estrogens contribute to maintaining healthy blood vessels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases by regulating cholesterol levels.
Disaccharide
Cells construct a disaccharide from two monosaccharide monomers by a dehydration reaction (one monomer gives up a hydroxyl group and the other gives up a hydrogen atom from a hydroxyl group). As H2O is released, an oxygen atom is left, linking the two monomers through a glycosidic bond. The most common disaccharide is sucrose, which is made of a glucose monomer linked to a fructose monomer. Transported in plant sap, sucrose provides a source of energy and raw materials to all the parts of the plant.
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, specifically in the outer section called the adrenal cortex. It is part of a group of hormones known as mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone is essential for maintaining electrolyte balance (particularly sodium and potassium) in the blood, fluid levels, and blood pressure, all of which are critical for normal body function and homeostasis.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are macromolecules, polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions. Polysaccharides may function as storage molecules or as structural compounds.
- Starch: Starch granules serve as carbohydrate “banks” from which plant cells can withdraw glucose for energy or building materials.
- Glycogen: Animals store glucose in a different form of polysaccharide, called glycogen. Most of your glycogen is stored as granules in your liver and muscle cells.
- Cellulose: It is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells. Cellulose is not a nutrient for humans, although it does contribute to digestive system health.
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Protein Functions
- Enzymes: Catalyze chemical reactions in the organism. Examples: amylase, lipase.
- Structural Proteins: Provide support and shape to cells and tissues. Examples: collagen, keratin.
- Transport Proteins: Transport substances throughout the body or within cells. Examples: hemoglobin (oxygen transport), albumin (hormone and fatty acid transport).
- Contractile Proteins: Involved in muscle movement. Examples: actin, myosin.
- Regulatory Proteins: Regulate biological processes, such as gene expression. Examples: hormones like insulin, transcription factors.
- Defensive Proteins: Defend the organism against pathogens. Examples: antibodies, immune system proteins.
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Waxes
Waxes are a type of lipid composed of long-chain fatty acids esterified to long-chain alcohols (ester bond). Unlike fats and oils, waxes are generally non-polar and hydrophobic, making them water-repellent. Functions
- Waterproofing: In plants, the wax layer prevents excessive water loss through evaporation. In animals, it helps protect and insulate.
- Protection: Waxes can protect plants and animals from environmental factors, such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone, though it is also present in females in smaller amounts. It is produced mainly in the testes and, to a lesser extent, in the adrenal glands. It is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as muscle growth, facial hair, and a deeper voice. It also plays a role in sperm production and maintaining bone density.
Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is often referred to as the “stress hormone” because its levels increase in response to stress. Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, control blood sugar levels, and reduce inflammation. It also plays a role in the body’s response to stress by providing energy and helping to manage the immune response during stressful situations.
- Animal Products: Butter, cheese, fatty cuts of beef, pork, lamb, and poultry with skin.
- Processed Foods: Sausages, bacon, baked goods like cakes and cookies made with butter or shortening.
- Coconut Oil and Palm Oil: Plant-based but high in saturated fat.
Saturated fats
- Olive Oil
- Avocados
- Nuts: Almonds, peanuts, and cashews.
- Seeds: Pumpkin and sesame seeds.
- Fish: Rrich in omega-3 fatty acids
- Vegetable Oils: Sunflower oil, corn oil, and soybean oil.
- Walnuts, Flaxseeds and Chia Seeds
Unsaturated fats
- Processed Foods: Fried foods, margarine, store-bought baked goods, and snacks containing partially hydrogenated oils.
Trans fats
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are molecules consisting of a phosphate "head" (hydrophilic, water-attracting) and two fatty acids "tails" (hydrophobic, water-repelling). They organize into a bilayer in cell membranes. Phospholipids are the main components of cell membranes. They form a lipid bilayer that shields the cell and controls the movement of substances in and out. This arrangement helps uphold the cell's structure and regulates the internal environment.
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Fatty acids
Lipids consist of repeating units called fatty acids. Fatty acids are organic compounds that have the general formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH, where n usually ranges from 2 to 28 and is always an even number. There are two types of fatty acids:
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids have straight, tightly packed chains due to single-bonded carbon atoms, allowing them to store energy in a compact form. This is why they are solid at room temperature and are used by animals for energy storage.
Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds in some carbon atoms, causing the chains to bend and remain liquid at room temperature. Plants use them to store energy.
Examples
- Fruits: Apples, bananas, oranges, grapes, berries.
- Dairy Products: Milk, yogurt.
- Honey: Natural sweetener containing glucose and fructose.
Sugars
- Whole Grains: Brown rice, quinoa, oats, whole wheat bread.
- Legumes: Beans, lentils, chickpeas, peas.
- Root Vegetables: Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams.
- Cereals: Whole grain cereals such as bran flakes or oatmeal.
Starches
- Vegetables: Broccoli, carrots, leafy greens (spinach, kale).
- Fruits with Skin: Apples, pears, berries.
- Whole Grains: Brown rice, oatmeal, barley.
- Legumes: Lentils, beans.
- Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, chia seeds, flaxseeds.
Fiber
Progesterone
Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily involved in the reproductive system. It is produced in the ovaries, the placenta (during pregnancy), and the adrenal glands. Progesterone plays a key role in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining pregnancy. It prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg and helps maintain a healthy pregnancy by regulating the uterine lining.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a type of fat, or lipid, that circulate in the blood and are a common part of the body's fat stores. They are found in many foods, especially fats, oils, and butter, and are also created by the body when it stores extra calories.
- A triglyceride is called a fat if it is a solid at 25°C. These are obtained from animal sources.
- A triglyceride is called an oil if it is a liquid at room temperature. These are commonly obtained from plants.
These differences in melting points reflect differences in the degree of unsaturation and number of carbon atoms in the constituent fatty acids. In the human body, triglycerides are stored primarily in specialized fat cells called adipocytes, which form adipose tissue.
Role of fats and oils
Classification
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Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a lipid molecule found in the cell membranes of animals. It is a type of steroid that is essential for maintaining the fluidity and stability of cell membranes. Cholesterol helps regulate membrane permeability, ensuring that the cell membrane remains flexible but not too fluid. It also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of other important steroids, including hormones like testosterone, progesterone, and cortisol.
Skills 4 Health. Module 2
Miguel Alberto López Sánchez
Created on October 29, 2024
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Transcript
Didactic unit
Module 2. Your Health Is In Your Hands
Start!
CONTENT
2. Lesson 7
1. Unit presentation
3. Lesson 8
6. Conclusions
4. Lesson 9
5. Lesson 10
8. References
7. Unit Summary and Self-evaluation
1. Unit presentation
UNIT 2 PRESENTATION
In this unit, we will study the primary molecules that make up living organisms, including biogenic elements, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. We will examine their structure, function, and presence in food. By understanding how these biomolecules affect our bodies, you can make informed choices about maintaining a balanced diet and improving quality of life.
1. Unit presentation
Introduction
"What you eat today can determine how you'll feel tomorrow: from the energy you have to how your body ages."
Have you ever wondered why certain foods give us energy while others make us feel tired? How do our daily food choices relate to aging and the development of chronic degenerative diseases like diabetes or hypertension? The answers to these questions can be found in the chemical components of food and how they interact with our bodies. In this unit, we will examine the essential molecules in living organisms and food, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and understand their role in maintaining our vital functions. Understanding the chemical components of living organisms will help us understand their nutritional properties and make more informed decisions about what we eat, leading to a healthier and more sustainable lifestyle.
1. Unit presentation
Primary
Biogenic Elements
Secondary
Trace Elements
The Chemistry of Life
Physicochemical properties
Water
Role of water in living thing processes
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Structure and role of biomolecules
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Water-soluble vitamins
Vitamins and nutritional properties
Fat-soluble vitamins
Nutrition and diet
1. Unit presentation
Objectives
This second unit will allow you:
Recognize
Describe
Distinguish
Identify
biogenic elements in biological processes.
the nutritional properties of chemical components in foods.
the physicochemical properties of water.
the structure and function of organisms' biomolecules and vitamins.
2. Lesson 7. Teens and Physical Health
Introduction
Physical health for teens is something that can be very confusing. Your body is changing so much and you are experiencing crazy emotions, but at the same time, maybe you don't feel comfortable with your relationships with adults to talk to them about these issues. So who do you turn to? Many will talk to friends, but if you don't know the answers, do you really think your friends will have much more information than you do? Being informed about what is happening to your body and how you can control it (or not!) is key. It's up to you to know how to take care of yourself the best way possible. While many of these topics can be very uncomfortable, they are probably some of the most important things you need to know to protect your future. So while it's hard to face these issues head on, it can be the best thing you ever do.
2. Lesson 7. Teens and Physical Health
Physical Health
Infectious Diseases
Non Infectious Diseases
Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a leading cause of death and disability among adolescents, and are the biggest killer of young people worldwide. Some other include:
Understanding why and how physical changes affect you can help you find ways to maintain good physical health.
2. Lesson 7. Teens and Physical Health
Sexual Health
According to the American Sexual Health Association, Sexual Health is “ the ability to embrace and enjoy our sexuality throughout our lives”. It is an important part of our physical and emotional health. Sexuality includes love, intimacy, and healthy relationships with your partner. Importantly, in order to be sexually healthy one needs to be physically, mentally, emotionally and socially healthy.
Teen Pregnancy
STI's
2. Lesson 7. Teens and Physical Health
Skill to Maintain Physical and Sexual Health
3. Teens and Mental Health
Mental Health and Youth
Mental health is an important part of a child or young person's overall health. It's normal for children and youth to experience emotional distress as they develop, but if symptoms persist, it may be time to seek professional help. According to the World Health Organization (2024) it is estimated that one in seven (14%) of 10–19-year-olds experience mental health conditions, yet these remain largely unrecognized and untreated. Various factors influence mental health during adolescence. Increased exposure to risk factors can significantly impact well-being. Stressors include adversity, peer pressure, and identity exploration. Media influence and gender norms may widen the gap between adolescents' reality and aspirations. Additionally, the quality of home life and peer relationships are important. Experiences of violence, harsh parenting, and socioeconomic difficulties are significant risks to mental health.
3. Teens and Mental Health
Most commom teen mental disorders
Anxiety Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent in this age group and are more common among older than among younger adolescents. It is estimated that 4.4% of 10–14-year-olds and 5.5% of 15–19-year-olds experience an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders, like other mental health conditions, result from a complex interaction of social, psychological and biological factors.
Depression Depressive disorder is a common mental disorder. It involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods of time.. According to WHO (2024) it is estimated to occur among 1.4% of adolescents aged 10–14 years, and 3.5% of 15–19-year-olds. Depression and anxiety share some of the same symptoms, including rapid and unexpected changes in mood.
3. Teens and Mental Health
Substance Abuse Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a person’s brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. Symptoms can be moderate to severe, with addiction being the most severe form of SUD. People with a SUD may also have other mental health disorders, and people with mental health disorders may also struggle with substance use. These other mental health disorders can include anxiety disorders, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, personality disorders, and schizophrenia, among others. Common risk factors can contribute to both SUDs and other mental disorders.
Behavioral Therapies for SUD treatment
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
- Assertive Community Treatment (ACT)
- Therapeutic Communities
- Contingency Management
Some effective behavioral treatments for children and adolescents include:3. Teens and Mental Health
Eating Disorders There is a commonly held misconception that eating disorders are a lifestyle choice. Eating disorders are actually serious and often fatal illnesses that are associated with severe disturbances in people’s eating behaviors and related thoughts and emotions. Preoccupation with food, body weight, and shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.
Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is a condition where people have recurrent and frequent episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food and feeling a lack of control over these episodes. This binge-eating is followed by behavior that compensates for the overeating such as forced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, excessive exercise, or a combination of these behaviors. People with bulimia nervosa may be slightly underweight, normal weight, or over overweight.
Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a condition where people avoid food, severely restrict food, or eat very small quantities of only certain foods. They also may weigh themselves repeatedly. Even when dangerously underweight, they may see themselves as overweight.
3. Teens and Mental Health
3. Teens and Mental Health
Jacobson Relaxation Technique
3. Teens and Mental Health
Mindfulness Meditation
3. Water Properties
Role of water in living things
Due to its properties, water plays highly significant roles in living organisms. These functions are described below:
4. Biomolecules
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGANIC BIOMOLECULES
Biomolecules are divided into four groups based on their chemical structure and function. The groups and their respective roles are as follows:
Organic biomolecules are complex molecules essential for living organisms' proper functioning. They are composed of C, H, O, N, and sometimes other elements. These molecules are critical in various biological processes, such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Understanding the structure and function of organic biomolecules is crucial in fields such as biochemistry, pharmacology, and medicine.
Carbon is the molecular "skeleton" in these biomolecules, providing great potential for structural variability. Each of these biomolecules is explained in detail later.
4. Biomolecules: Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
The carbon skeletons of both glucose and fructose are six carbon atoms long. Other monosaccharides may have three to seven carbons. Five-carbon sugars, called pentoses, and six-carbon sugars, called hexoses, are among the most common. Functions
The name carbohydrate refers to a class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharides, such as the starch molecules we consume in pasta and potatoes. If you count the numbers of different atoms in the fructose molecule in the figure above, you will find that its molecular formula is C6H12O6, identical to that of glucose. Thus, glucose and fructose are isomers.
Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
Food Sources
4. Biomolecules: Lipids
Simple lipids
Derived lipids
Lipids
These lipids are made of C, H and O. Their structure are comprised of two simple molecules: fatty acids and –OH groups.
There are obtained from the transformation or degradation of simple/complex lipids. They include substances such as sterols and fat-soluble vitamins.
Lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they share one trait: They do not mix well with water. Lipids consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds. Some of the may contained sulfur or phosphorus. Lipids also differ from carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids in that they are neither huge macromolecules nor polymers built from similar monomers.
Cholesterol
Progesterone
Complex lipids
These are composed of C, H, and O and may contain other elements such as N, P, or S. They serve more specific structural and metabolic functions in organisms.
Testosterone
Estrogen
Food Sources
Aldosterone
Cortisol
4. Biomolecules: Proteins
Proteins
- Proteins are macromolecules made up of long chains of amino acids. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins, and each one consists of the following chemical groups:
- Amino Group (–NH2): A basic functional group.
- Carboxyl Group (–COOH): An acidic functional group.
- Side Chain or R-group: The variable part of each amino acid that determines its chemical and physical properties.
- Hydrogen Atom (–H): Attached to the alpha carbon, which is the central carbon atom to which the other groups are bonded.
Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, which form between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another, releasing a molecule of water (dehydration synthesis).FUNCTION
CHEMICAL COMP.
STRUCTURE
SOLUBILITY
4. Biomolecules: Nucleic acids
RNA
RNA is a single-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, uracil, cytosine, or guanine). Uracil replaces thymine found in DNA.
Role
VS
DNA
DNA is a double-helix molecule composed of two nucleotide chains. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).
Role
DNA stores and transmits genetic information that guides the development, function, and reproduction of organisms. It is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Additionally, DNA is found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells.
5. Vitamins and nutrition
VITAMINS
Role of vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds essential for the body, as they cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities and must be obtained through diet. Vitamins have a wide variety of chemical structures but are categorized into two major groups based on their solubility:
4. Week 2
Water-soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
B Vitamins:
- Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Helps in carbohydrate metabolism and the functioning of the nervous system.
- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Participates in energy production and in the health of the skin and eyes.
- Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Contributes to energy metabolism and the health of the skin, nervous system, and digestive tract.
- Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Involved in the synthesis of coenzyme A, crucial for metabolism.
- Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Important for amino acid metabolism and brain function.
- Vitamin B7 (Biotin): Participates in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
- Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid): Essential for DNA formation and cell synthesis, especially important during pregnancy.
- Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): Necessary for red blood cell formation and nervous system function.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Acts as an antioxidant, helps in collagen synthesis, and improves iron absorption.Vitamin A: Essential for vision, skin health, and immune system function. Found in the forms of retinol and beta-carotene (provitamin A). Vitamin D: Aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, promoting bone health. Can be obtained through sunlight exposure and certain foods. Vitamin E: Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and participating in immune system health. Vitamin K: Crucial for blood clotting and bone health. There are two main forms: K1 (phylloquinone), found in green leafy vegetables, and K2 (menaquinone), found in animal products and fermented foods.
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Sphingolipids
Sphingolipids are lipid-containing sphingosine, an amino alcohol, instead of glycerol. They are mainly found in cell membranes, especially in nerve cells. Sphingolipids help form the cell membrane structure, protect the cell surface, and play a role in signaling processes for cell communication, especially in the nervous system. They are crucial for maintaining membrane stability and ensuring proper cell communication, particularly in tissues like the brain and nervous system.
Glycolipids
Glycolipids are lipids with one or more carbohydrate groups attached. They are usually located in the outer layer of the cell membrane. Glycolipids are crucial for cell recognition and communication. They assist in the identification of cells, which is vital for immune system function and tissue formation.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, and can affect anyone, regardless of sexual orientation or hygiene.
Estrogens
Estrogens are a group of steroid hormones primarily involved in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics. The three main types of estrogens are estradiol, estrone, and estriol.
Disaccharide
Cells construct a disaccharide from two monosaccharide monomers by a dehydration reaction (one monomer gives up a hydroxyl group and the other gives up a hydrogen atom from a hydroxyl group). As H2O is released, an oxygen atom is left, linking the two monomers through a glycosidic bond. The most common disaccharide is sucrose, which is made of a glucose monomer linked to a fructose monomer. Transported in plant sap, sucrose provides a source of energy and raw materials to all the parts of the plant.
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, specifically in the outer section called the adrenal cortex. It is part of a group of hormones known as mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone is essential for maintaining electrolyte balance (particularly sodium and potassium) in the blood, fluid levels, and blood pressure, all of which are critical for normal body function and homeostasis.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are macromolecules, polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions. Polysaccharides may function as storage molecules or as structural compounds.
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Protein Functions
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Waxes
Waxes are a type of lipid composed of long-chain fatty acids esterified to long-chain alcohols (ester bond). Unlike fats and oils, waxes are generally non-polar and hydrophobic, making them water-repellent. Functions
Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone, though it is also present in females in smaller amounts. It is produced mainly in the testes and, to a lesser extent, in the adrenal glands. It is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as muscle growth, facial hair, and a deeper voice. It also plays a role in sperm production and maintaining bone density.
Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is often referred to as the “stress hormone” because its levels increase in response to stress. Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, control blood sugar levels, and reduce inflammation. It also plays a role in the body’s response to stress by providing energy and helping to manage the immune response during stressful situations.
Saturated fats
Unsaturated fats
Trans fats
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are molecules consisting of a phosphate "head" (hydrophilic, water-attracting) and two fatty acids "tails" (hydrophobic, water-repelling). They organize into a bilayer in cell membranes. Phospholipids are the main components of cell membranes. They form a lipid bilayer that shields the cell and controls the movement of substances in and out. This arrangement helps uphold the cell's structure and regulates the internal environment.
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Fatty acids
Lipids consist of repeating units called fatty acids. Fatty acids are organic compounds that have the general formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH, where n usually ranges from 2 to 28 and is always an even number. There are two types of fatty acids:
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids have straight, tightly packed chains due to single-bonded carbon atoms, allowing them to store energy in a compact form. This is why they are solid at room temperature and are used by animals for energy storage.
Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds in some carbon atoms, causing the chains to bend and remain liquid at room temperature. Plants use them to store energy.
Examples
Sugars
Starches
Fiber
Progesterone
Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily involved in the reproductive system. It is produced in the ovaries, the placenta (during pregnancy), and the adrenal glands. Progesterone plays a key role in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining pregnancy. It prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg and helps maintain a healthy pregnancy by regulating the uterine lining.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a type of fat, or lipid, that circulate in the blood and are a common part of the body's fat stores. They are found in many foods, especially fats, oils, and butter, and are also created by the body when it stores extra calories.
- A triglyceride is called a fat if it is a solid at 25°C. These are obtained from animal sources.
- A triglyceride is called an oil if it is a liquid at room temperature. These are commonly obtained from plants.
These differences in melting points reflect differences in the degree of unsaturation and number of carbon atoms in the constituent fatty acids. In the human body, triglycerides are stored primarily in specialized fat cells called adipocytes, which form adipose tissue.Role of fats and oils
Classification
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Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a lipid molecule found in the cell membranes of animals. It is a type of steroid that is essential for maintaining the fluidity and stability of cell membranes. Cholesterol helps regulate membrane permeability, ensuring that the cell membrane remains flexible but not too fluid. It also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of other important steroids, including hormones like testosterone, progesterone, and cortisol.