History of Animation.pdf

Prehistoric Paintings Lascaux Cave By Pline - CC BY-SA 3.0

Prehistoric painting of the Lascaux cave

Prehistoric Paintings Lascaux Cave By Pline - CC BY-SA 3.0

frame drawing film?

1908 Fantasmagorie, film negative frame by

1888 celluloid film developed?1892 Théâtre Optique praxinoscope?1900 The Enchanted Drawing stop motion film

•••

1868 flipbook kineograph drawn animation?

••

(or 17,000 BP before present 1950 carbon dating)

-15050 prehistoric cave drawings?1659 magic lantern shadow puppet shows?1833 stroboscopic disks?

Where do we draw the line?

The Mysteriouse Magic Lantern By Milton Keynes Museum - https://miltonkeynesmuseum.org.uk/

frame drawing film?

1908 Fantasmagorie, film negative frame by

1888 celluloid film developed?1892 Théâtre Optique praxinoscope?1900 The Enchanted Drawing stop motion film

•••

1868 flipbook kineograph drawn animation?

••

(or 17,000 BP before present 1950 carbon dating)

-15050 prehistoric cave drawings?1659 magic lantern shadow puppet shows?1833 stroboscopic disks?

Where do we draw the line?

Prof. Stampfer's Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X (Trentsensky & Vieweg 1833) - Public Domain

frame drawing film?

1908 Fantasmagorie, film negative frame by

1888 celluloid film developed?1892 Théâtre Optique praxinoscope?1900 The Enchanted Drawing stop motion film

•••

1868 flipbook kineograph drawn animation?

••

(or 17,000 BP before present 1950 carbon dating)

-15050 prehistoric cave drawings?1659 magic lantern shadow puppet shows?1833 stroboscopic disks (phenakistiscope)?

Where do we draw the line?

How to MAKE A FLIPBOOK By Andymation on YouTube

frame drawing film?

1908 Fantasmagorie, film negative frame by

1888 celluloid film developed?1892 Théâtre Optique praxinoscope?1900 The Enchanted Drawing stop motion film

•••

1868 flipbook kineograph drawn animation?

••

(or 17,000 BP before present 1950 carbon dating)

-15050 prehistoric cave drawings?1659 magic lantern shadow puppet shows?1833 stroboscopic disks (phenakistiscope)?

Where do we draw the line?

Old celluloid film rolls By Marcel Oosterwijk - CC BY-SA 2.0

frame drawing film?

1908 Fantasmagorie, film negative frame by

1888 celluloid film developed?1892 Théâtre Optique praxinoscope?1900 The Enchanted Drawing stop motion film

•••

1868 flipbook kineograph drawn animation?

••

(or 17,000 BP before present 1950 carbon dating)

-15050 prehistoric cave drawings?1659 magic lantern shadow puppet shows?1833 stroboscopic disks (phenakistiscope)?

Where do we draw the line?

Pauvre Pierrot (Emile Reynaud, 1892) –Public Domain

frame drawing film?

1908 Fantasmagorie, film negative frame by

1888 celluloid film developed?1892 Théâtre Optique (praxinoscope)?1900 The Enchanted Drawing stop motion film

•••

1868 flipbook kineograph drawn animation?

••

(or 17,000 BP before present 1950 carbon dating)

-15050 prehistoric cave drawings?1659 magic lantern shadow puppet shows?1833 stroboscopic disks (phenakistiscope)?

Where do we draw the line?

The Enchanted Drawing By J. Stuart Blackton - Public Domain

frame drawing film?

1908 Fantasmagorie, film negative frame by

1888 celluloid film developed?1892 Théâtre Optique (praxinoscope)?1900 The Enchanted Drawing stop motion film

•••

1868 flipbook kineograph drawn animation?

••

(or 17,000 BP before present 1950 carbon dating)

-15050 prehistoric cave drawings?1659 magic lantern shadow puppet shows?1833 stroboscopic disks (phenakistiscope)?

Where do we draw the line?

Fantasmagorie (1908) Emile Cohl – Public Domain

frame drawing film?

1908 Fantasmagorie, film negative frame by

1888 celluloid film developed?1892 Théâtre Optique (praxinoscope)?1900 The Enchanted Drawing stop motion film

•••

1868 flipbook kineograph drawn animation?

••

(or 17,000 BP before present 1950 carbon dating)

-15050 prehistoric cave drawings?1659 magic lantern shadow puppet shows?1833 stroboscopic disks (phenakistiscope)?

Where do we draw the line?

Pixar’s Toy Story and how Jurassic Park went from using handmade models to computer graphics and VFX by accident.

3D animation

Gertie the Dinosaur (animating pose to pose vs straight ahead), Little Nemo in Slumberland (comics close relationship to animation), Steamboat Willie & St. James Infirmary Blues (animating to sound), Looney Tunes (layering and parallax), Snow White (using reference), The Fleischer Brothers’ 1940s Superman & Popeye the Sailor

2D animation

create meaning from two juxtaposed images, Eadweard Muybridge’s

Persistence of vision to create movement, soviet montage theory to galloping horse and studies in motion, stop motion trick films

Early cinema

Thaumatrope, phenakistoscope, zoetrope, shadow plays

Pre-cinema optical toys and illusions

THE HISTORICAL TIMELINE

between the fingers the two

A disk with a picture on each side is attached to two pieces of string or stick. When twirled quickly pictures appear to blend into one.

Thaumatrope

Thaumatrope, phenakistoscope, zoetrope, shadow plays

Pre-cinema optical toys and illusions

viewable by one person at a time.

Like a zoetrope but not 3D, only

vertically to a handle. Series of

The GIF of the olden timesSpinning cardboard disc attached sequential images printed radially around the disc's center. Spin the disc and look through the moving slits at the images to see continuous motion.

Phenakistoscope

Thaumatrope, phenakistoscope, zoetrope, shadow plays

Pre-cinema optical toys and illusions

mechanical motor to display a

The 3D GIF of the olden timesCylindrical variant of the phenakistoscope. Often combined with strobe light or a constant particular framerate.

Zoetrope

Thaumatrope, phenakistoscope, zoetrope, shadow plays

Pre-cinema optical toys and illusions

Traditional shadow puppet theater using 2D character rigs, similar to their digital equivalents today. Seen in Southeast Asia.1659 magic lantern, early projector with pictures on transparent plates. Usually, a concave mirror behind a lightbulb aimed at the image to project through a lens onto a wall.

Shadow Plays

Thaumatrope, phenakistoscope, zoetrope, shadow plays

Pre-cinema optical toys and illusions

in a camera’s rolling shutter (how

perception of an object persists even

Persistence of vision is an optical phenomenon where the visual after the rays of light from that object have stopped entering the eye. This can create “motion blur” or in some cases alter the perception of something’s perceived speed as seen much light is allowed in/how quickly its brain can create a picture)

Persistence of vision

create meaning from two juxtaposed images, Eadweard Muybridge’s

Persistence of vision to create movement, soviet montage theory to galloping horse and studies in motion, stop motion trick films

Early cinema

in a camera’s rolling shutter (how

perception of an object persists even

Persistence of vision is an optical phenomenon where the visual after the rays of light from that object have stopped entering the eye. This can create “motion blur” or in some cases alter the perception of something’s perceived speed as seen much light is allowed in/how quickly its brain can create a picture)

Persistence of vision

create meaning from two juxtaposed images, Eadweard Muybridge’s

Persistence of vision to create movement, soviet montage theory to galloping horse and studies in motion, stop motion trick films

Early cinema

it can create and distort meaning.

Animation doesn’t just fake motion,

The Kuleshov EffectThe idea that individual shots need not have meaning by themselves; their meaning is created by juxtaposition with other shots.

Soviet montage theory

create meaning from two juxtaposed images, Eadweard Muybridge’s

Persistence of vision to create movement, soviet montage theory to galloping horse and studies in motion, stop motion trick films

Early cinema

His series of stills can be considered the first film. He later recorded different animals and people’s walk cycles and other movement studies.

trigger wire.

Horse in Motion 1878To settle a bet on whether all the feet of a horse would clear the ground in the same instant Eadweard Muybridge created a track that would trigger cameras to shoot photos when the horse would cross the

Eadweard Muybridge

create meaning from two juxtaposed images, Eadweard Muybridge’s

Persistence of vision to create movement, soviet montage theory to galloping horse and studies in motion, stop motion trick films

Early cinema

animations.

resume recording and you get the

The Enchanted Drawing 1900Pause and hold, keep everything but one thing the same, then first special effects. Later, artists and animators would paint over the filmstock to add color and rotoscoped (drawn over)

Stop motion trick films

create meaning from two juxtaposed images, Eadweard Muybridge’s

Persistence of vision to create movement, soviet montage theory to galloping horse and studies in motion, stop motion trick films

Early cinema

animatorMost of his films start with him betting that he can animate things.

American cartoonist and

Winsor McCay

Gertie the Dinosaur (animating pose to pose vs straight ahead) & Little Nemo in Slumberland (comics close relationship to animation)

2D animation

sound, that was arguably Max Fleischer’s KO-KO SONG CAR-TUNES (made 4 years prior), it was a landmark moment for American animation.

While not the first to animate to music or sync to

Walt Disney

Steamboat Willie & St. James Infirmary Blues

2D animation

female human character

Betty Boop was the first female leading and the first from animated cinema

bandleader.

Cabell Calloway III was an American jazz singer and

Steamboat Willie & St. James Infirmary Blues

2D animation

is a motion-picture camera that was used in the traditional animation process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past the camera at various speeds and at various distances from one another. This creates a sense of parallax or depth.

The multiplane camera

The Multi-plane camera (layering & parallax)

2D animation

In 1930, WB became interested in developing a series of musical animated shorts to promote their music. Rudolf Ising and Hugh Harman were hired to produce their first series of cartoons. Bosko was Looney Tunes' first major lead character. Later on we get Bugs Bunny, Donald Duck, Sylvester the Cat, and Space Jam.

Warner Brother’s Looney Tunes 1930 -> 1969 -> now

The Looney Tunes

2D animation

by Paramount Pictures. These films are based on the iconic comic book character Superman, marking his first animated appearance.

collection superhero short films released in Technicolor

The 1940s Superman animated film series is a

1940s Superman

The Fleischer Brothers’ 1940s Superman & Popeye the Sailor

2D animation

spinach.

fictional cartoon character created by Elzie Crisler Segar as a comic strip and in 1933, Max Fleischer adapted the character into a series of Popeye the Sailor theatrical cartoon shorts for Paramount Pictures. Popeye’s defining characteristic is his super strength gained by eating

Popeye the Sailor is a

A sailor “built different”

Popeye the Sailor

The Fleischer Brothers’ 1940s Superman & Popeye the Sailor

2D animation

Travels clip.

to create realistic animation

The act of tracing (drawing over) video frame by frame and stylize footage.As seen in the Gulliver’s

Rotoscoping

clip.

out the motions ahead of

Using reference isn’t cheating and is often used by animators to plan the performances they will later animate. Being able to act time to figure out timing.As seen in the Snow-White

Reference

Reference & Rotoscoping

2D animation

A Scanner DarklyApollo 10½Honorable mention:Undone (tv series)

(as seen in the clip shown)

Waking Life

The most frequent use of rotoscoping today is Richard Linklater’s films such as

Modern Rotoscoping

Reference & Rotoscoping (tracing video)

2D animation

adults.

an audiovisual artistic showcase

Surreal musical adventure filmDirected by animation producer George Dunning, and produced by United Artists and King Features Syndicate, the film was of The Beatles’ music.It was accredited with changing the perception of animation from the childish Saturday morning cartoons of The Jetsons, The Flintstones, and Johnny Quest to something of more substance for

Yellow Submarine (1968)

Cartoons for adults

2D animation

classic.

subject matter and themes were

French science fiction animationRene Laloux's mesmerizing sci-fi classic, based on the book Om en Serie by Stefan Wul, is a landmark of European animation. It’s political and complex compared to many previous animations and till today holds up as a cult

Fantastic Planet (1973)

Cartoons for adults

2D animation

Paprika (2007)

Regarded as one of the greatest films of all time and paved the way for western audience exposure and adoption of Japanese anime alongside some honorable mentions:Sailor Moon (1992)Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995)Cowboy Bebop (1998)

Manga.

Japanese animated cyberpunk action film directed by Katsuhiro Otomo based on his earlier

Akira (1988)

Japanese Anime - AKIRA

2D animation

For all the advanced techniques developed, the movie was in “production hell” and took 5 years to produce and 12 years of preproduction which further incentivized the adoption of 3D computer graphics.

exceptions.

“Treasure Island,” set in a

An adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson’s classic novel, futuristic space setting.Despite positive audience reception, it was a financial flop due to poor marketing, and doomed to fail and was the scapegoat for Disney’s big push towards fully 3D animated films going forward, with some

Treasure Planet (2002)

Entering a digital age

2D animation

software.

Open Toonz, and Adobe After Effects have played a major role in the cost-effective development of animated TV programming.Studio Ghibli is one of the few remaining studios using “traditional animation” techniques and have open sourced their

While 2D animation is far from gone, digital tools like Toon Boom,

Entering a digital age

2D animation

Clash of the Titans (1981)

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964)

The Dinosaur and the Missing Link (1915)

Ray Harryhausen

Tadahito "Tad" Mochinaga

Willis O'Brien

Stop motion: models and clay

3D animation

Marcel The Shell

•••

PeachBob The BuilderFantastic Mr. FoxCoraline

Pat a MatPinguWallace and GromitJames & The Giant

••••

Animation Shown:

Stop motion: models and clay (honorable mentions)

3D animation

1986 Bought graphics division of LucasfilmLater founded Pixar Animation

Edwin Catmull

John Lasseter

Steve Jobs

The founding fathers of 3D Computer Graphics (CG) Animation

3D animation

Created the first computer generated vfx for 1976 film Futureworld.

Adventures of Andre &

PixarCreated one of the first raster paint programs, HSV color model (hue, saturation, value), The Wally B (one of the first 3D animated films, the first with squash n stretch deformers) with John Lasseter

and animator

scientist

American computer scientist Other co-founder of Pixar and the President of Walt Disney Animation Studios. Invented Catmull–Clark subdivision surface algorithm. (a staple tool in every software for all 3D Modelers today)

American computer Co-founded Lucasfilm's Computer Division and

Edwin Catmull

Alvy Ray Smith III

The founding fathers of 3D Computer Graphics (CG) Animation

3D animation

Futureworld 1976 (first 3D hand / face)

The Adventures of Andre & Wally B

The founding fathers of 3D Computer Graphics (CG) Animation

3D animation

The Pixar Animation Process / How are Characters Animated at Pixar?- Toy Story Behind the Scenes

Toy Story (First blockbuster fully CG animated film)

3D animation

Jurassic Park - From Stop Motion to Digital By COCObeanz on YouTube

How Jurassic Park went from using models to cg by accident

3D animation

Where are we now?

Modern Animation