cell

Organelles are specialized structures within cells that perform distinct functions.

Parts of the cell

Cell wall

• Prokaryotic cells (plant cell)
• Protects cell
• Provides rigidity

Plasma Membrane

• Provides protection
• Regulates exchange of substances from the interior and the exterior of the cell
• Detects stimulus

Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell

• Produces enery (ATP)
• Cellular respiration

Ribosomes

• Synthesise proteins

Lysosomes Contains a lot of powerful enzymes that are capable of decomposing substances from outside the cell. Digestive system of the cell.

Nucleus Nucleus (only in eukaryotic cells)

• Contains DNA
• Control & regulate the activities of the cell
• Inside the cell: Nucleoli

Cytoplasm A jelly-like substance that flows all around the cell.

• Stores molecules (cellular processes)
• Gives the cell its proper shape

Golgi Apparatus

• Processes and modifies proteins and lipids that are received from the ER & transports them to their eventual destinations.
• Create lysosomes

Cilia & Flagella Cilia Flagella Cilia are tiny thin "hairs" responsible for the locomotion. Flagella are long "tails" and also enable cell movement.

Cytoplasm A jelly-like substance that flows all around the cell.

• Stores molecules (cellular processes)
• Gives the cell its proper shape

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Rough ER: Ribosomes attached (stores or transports them)
• Smooth ER: Synthesise lipids

The cell

Sofia Carrasco

Content

Levels of organisation

Size of cells

Cell organisation

Types of cells

Exchange of matter

Energy exchange

STIMULUS

Cell division

Reactions & movements

• Don't have a nucleus.
• Smaller
• DNA is free around the cell
• Single prokaryote cell

Prokaryotic cells

Info

Info

• Have a nucleus
• Larger
• DNA surrounded by nucleus
• All multicellular organisms

Eukaryotic cells

2 main types of cells:

Levels of Organisation

From smallest to largest

Atoms

Molecules

Organelles

Cells

1

Tissues

Organs & systems

Organisms

Populations

Ecosystem

2

Biosphere

3

4

5

6

7

9

10

8

STIMULUS

CELULAR RESPONSES

Cellular response in the reaction of a cell to a stimuli. There are 2 types:

• Static response - No movement, instead it produces a substance.

Ex: secreting a substance

• Dynamic response - Moves in response (movements: taxes)

- If the cell moves towards the stimuli -> positive - If the cell moves away from the stimuli -> negative

SIZE

Microscopic

• Micron (μm)
• 1 μm = 1x10^-3 mm
• Eukaryotic: 10-100μm
• Prokaryotic: 1-10μm

Red blood cell

Coronavirus

dust particle

Grain of salt

Human hair

CELL DIVISION

Complex process that happens in both: unicellular and multicellular organisms.

Unicellular organisms (protozoa) -> allows organism reproduceMulticellular organisms -> allows organism to increase in size (replace cells that die off).

Cell division mechanisms

UNICELLULAR & MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Unicellular organisMs:function with onlyone single cell.

Multicellular organisMs:function with 2 or more cells.

Centracile Movement

AMOEBOID MOVEMENT

It contracts when faced with external stimulus.

By beating the cilia movement is produced. Some cells have flagellum that enable them to move.

Amoebas made by changing the size of the cytoplasm and the cell membrane, sends out pseudopods to capture bacteria.

CELL MOVEMENTS

Cell movement is linked to the cytoskeleton. The main types of movements are:

CILIARY & FLAGELLAR Movement

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GALLERY

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EXCHANGE OF MATTER

VIA DIFUSSION

VIA PROTEINS

This happens when the cell is in extreme bad conditions and needs large particles. It changes the size of its cytoplasm and surronds the molecule, absorbing it. Then, it follows a digestive process where it breaks down into smaller particles.

Proteins get together forming a channel, when middle size molecules want to pass through.

VIA VESICLES

Little substances pass through the cell membrane. Low concentration of the substance.

The cell membrane is a selective barrier that lets certain substances come in or out the cell by these 3 systems, depending on their size:

Homeostasis Homeostasis is not an intelligent stimuli, it is a series fo chemical reactions that try to balance the properties outside the cell the same as inside (match environments).

ENERGY EXCHANGE

CATABOLISM

Breaks down complex molecules groups into simple molecules. Big protein -> smaller amino acids

RELEASES ENERGY

Example: Cell respiration

ANABOLISM

Converts simple molecules into more organised/complex structures.

REQUIRESENERGY

Example: Photosynthesis

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• Binary fission: duplicates DNA and generates 2 daughter cells (identical, same size). Ex: protozoa
• Budding: duplicates its DNA -> bud. 2 daughter cells are formed (identicas but different size). Ex: Yeasts
• Sporulation: Many copies of DNA. Parent-cell membrane breaks up, releasing spores. Ex: fungi

Cell division mechanism

Binary fission

Sporulation

Budding

Types:

These cells are more complex and a bigger than prokaryotic cells. They have a nucleus and their DNA is surounded by a membrane. In order to give them their and enable them to move, they need a cytoskeleton. Eukaryotes contain a wide variety of organelles and structures. Some of the organelles are specific to certain types of cells, others are in common in all.

Eukaryotic cells

• Animal cells: make up animals & some unicellular organisms (protozoa).
• Plant cells: found in plants and algae.

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Prokaryotic don't have organelles, except of ribosomes and cytoplasm. Instead, they have a cell wall which gives their shape and provides support.

Simplest form of cell organisation. They do not have a nucleus, and the DNA is all around the cell. The majority are archaea & bacteria cells, which can be harmful or in other cases, beneficial. Around 30 trillion of prokaryotic live in or on your body, but they weigh only about 0.2kg. These cells have an enormous capacity to change environment and adapt to temperatures: Most cells die at high temperatures, however prokaryotes at able to survive even boiling water. Some types of prokaryotes, use N2 to produce ammonia ions (NH4+) which they incorporate into amino acids they use to make proteins.

Prokaryotic cells

* Photosynthesis -> own food

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• Metabolism
• Replication

Smallest unit of life. All living things are made of cells. They are alive because they can do 2 processes:

Cells

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