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Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Made by Sultana Ahmed

What is a cell?DISCOVERY of cell

A cell is the basic unit of life. As the smallest structural and biological entity capable of independent existence, each one is a single celled organism in itself. Carrying out all the essential processes: metabolism, energy production, and reproduction, components that make up a cell working in concert to keep things happen! Cells may be prokaryotic without nucleus, or eukaryotic with a definite nucleus and organelles-performing each separate function of its own.Ultimately, as Leeuwenhoek showed in the 17th century, all living parts are made of cells. They are the fundamental building blocks of life. The discovery of the cell can be traced back to the year 1665, when Robert Hooke used a primitive microscope to observe cork tissue and discovered small box-like structures; he called them "cells". Subsequent advances in this area especially by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who examined living cells in greater detail, established cell theory: all living organisms are made up of cells and cells are the basic biological unit.

Prokaryotic cells are simpler, smaller, and lack membrane-bound organelles. They don’t have a nucleus; instead, their genetic material (DNA) is found in a region called the nucleoid. They are typically single-celled organisms, like bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotic cells are more complex, larger, and contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multicellular, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.'

the key differences

  • Nucleus: Prokaryotes lack a defined nucleus, while eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus.
  • Size: Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller (1 - 10 micrometers), while eukaryotic cells are larger (10 - 100 micrometers).
  • Organelles: Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotes have organelles like mitochondria, ER, and Golgi body.
  • The DNA in prokaryotic cells usually a single circular molecule, however in eukaryotes is multiple linear molecules
  • Cell division: simple fission for prokaryotes and mitosis for eukaryotic cells.
  • The internal membrane in prokaryotic is rare, while in eukaryotic cells is complex.
  • Molitity: prokaryotes use rotary motor (drives bacterial feagellum), while eukaryotes use dynein (drives cilia and flagella).

The Structure of Key Organelles Relates to Their Functions

Nucleus: The nucleus, with its double membrane and pores, stores and regulates access to genetic information, controlling cellular activities.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):The rough ER, with ribosomes attached, synthesises proteins, while the smooth ER's structure enables lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Ribosomes: Ribosomes, either free-floating or bound to the rough ER, are sites where amino acids are assembled into proteins.

Mitochondria: Mitochondria's folded inner membrane, called cristae, increases surface area for ATP production, supplying energy to the cell.

Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi's stacked membrane sacs modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids throughout the cell.

Lysosomes: Lysosomes, with their enzyme-rich membrane, break down cellular waste and recycle molecules.