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Taylor Bolleter
Created on October 24, 2024
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Transcript
wwii on the homefront
LESSON 6.4
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index
Citizens Ration Goods
Joining the Military
Wartime Agencies
Funding the War
Victory Gardens
Recycling Drives
Civilian Defense
Women & Minorities
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WAR PRODUCTIONS BOARD (WPB)
MOBILIZATION WARTIME AGENCIES
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Rapid mobilization for WWII needed coordination
NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD
OFFICE OF WAR INFORMATION
MOBILIZING THE MILITARY
On September 16, 1940, the United States instituted the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, which required all men between the ages of 21 and 45 to register for the draft. This was the first peacetime draft in United States' history. By the end of the war in 1945, 10 million had been inducted in the military. More than 60,000 men voluntarily enlisted in the month after the attack on Pearl Harbor.General George C. Marshall, chief of staff of the U.S. Army and Roosevelt's chief military advisor. Marshall would guide the largest expansion of the army in American history.
JOINING THE MILITARY
THE NEED FOR WAR MATERIALS MEANT - CITIZENS RATION GOODS
Office of Price Administration set prices and began rationing, or limiting the purchase of products, to make food and suppolies available for military use. Households picked up a book of rationing coupons every month for different kinds of food.Vital supplies (weapons, tires, fuel, and food) sent to tropps in Europe and the Pacific. High demand for raw materials and supplies created shortages. Meat, sugar, fats, oils, processed foods, coffee, shoes, and gasoline were all rationed. Driving distances were restricted, and the speed limit was set at 35 miles per hour to save gas and rubber.
Note: Having a coupon did not guarantee you the good. You could only buy the item if you had a ration coupon and you could find it at a store.
Food rationing meant that families had limited access to canned goods and fresh meat and vegetables, along with other staples. Many families SUPPORTED THE WAR EFFORT by growing victory gardens, growing their own vegetables for home consumptionThis reduced the demand for foods and averted, or avoided, food shortages in the country.
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VICTORY GARDENS
To fuel the war effort, the military needed access to raw materials such as rubber, steel, and even food waste to create weapons and other tools used in war Citizens led recycling drives for scrap metal, clothes, paper, and rubber to donate to the war effort.
RECYCLING DRIVES
FUNDING THE WAR
WAR BONDS
RAISING TAXES
Volunteerism increased significantly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Americans made bandages, knit socks, collected books and enrolled in Red Cross, Victory Corps and Civilian Defense organizations to support the troops abroad. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt saw an opportunity with WWII to unify citizens by encouraging them to participate in the war effort. As a result of her efforts, the Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) was born. The OCD defined procedures for how to respond to an attack on the United States. Civilian defense drills were conducted in towns to prepare Americans for attack.
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CIVILIAN DEFENSE
women & minorities
WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES
WOMEN GO TO WORK
MEXICAN FARMWORKERS
RACISM LEADS TO VIOLENCE
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In June 1943, after hearing rumors that zoot suiters had attacked several sailors, some 2,500 sailors attacked Mexican American neighborhoods in LA.In LA, the fear of juvenile crime and racism against Mexican Americans became linked in the “zoot suit” riots.
RACISM LEADS TO VIOLENCE
Managed labor disputes and set wage policies across the nation. Wages were frozen on salaries higher than 5,000 a year.The federal government controlled prices on rent, food, and clothes.
NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD
The government launched a propaganda campaign to entice women to work, such as the Rosie the Riveter posters with the inspirational "We Can Do It!" slogan. As a result, non-traditional roles (working in factories, building planes, police officers, etc) increased among womenAs a result, the National War Labor Board (NWLB) began guaranteeing “Equal Pay for Equal Work”
CHANGES IN THE TRADITIONAL ROLES OF WOMEN
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The role of the U.S. Office of War Information (0WI) was to improve the public's understanding of the war and build support for the war. It acted as a contact or link with various media to help manage the newsThe OWI often used posters which could focus public attention on a particular theme - women's roles, the coming casualities, or paying for the conflct
Office of War Information
The wartime economy benefited Mexicans workers.In 1942, the government arranged for Mexican farmworkers to help harvest crops in the Southwest as part of the Bracero Program. More than 200,000 Mexicans came to work in the U.S. during the war.
MEXICAN FARMWORKERS
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In these film clips, FDR first speaks to the men of the United States. Attorney General Robert H. Jackson is visible over the Presidents left shoulder. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, blindfolded, subsequently draws a capsule from a fishbowl. The capsule is opened and Stimson hands the first draft number to the President. FDR, standing next to his military aide Major General Edwin M. (Pa) Watson, then announces the number: 158. In response, a woman screams audibly—it is her sons draft number.
Many Americans on the homefront helped the war effort by purchasing war bonds. These bonds were a way for the government to borrow money from private citizens to help finance the war.In exchange for the money, the government promised to repay the bonds’ purchase price plus interest at some future date.
WAR BONDS
Women were encouraged to join the armed forces because there was a need for personnel to support the war effort.Congress created the Women’s Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), and appointed Oveta Culp Hobby to be its first director in 1942.68,000 women served as nurses in the army and navy.
WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES
Established to manage the conversion of factories and workshops from peacetime to wartime productionWith this change, we see a large level of production increase!!
WAR PRODUCTIONS BOARD
To raise funds for the war, the government made several changes to the country’s tax system. Taxes were a way for all Americans to share the sacrifices that war required.
- More Americans were required to pay income taxes.
- The government required nearly all wage earners to pay a new 5% “Victory Tax.”
- The government instituted a new policy: payroll deductions. This system is still used today
RAISING TAXES