GSE SS8H4.abcde - Lesson

GSE SS8H4 Westward Expansion in Georgia

1. Why was UGA established?
2. Why did the capital of GA keep moving westward?
3. How did the land policies (Headright, Land Lottery, and Yazoo) impact GA?
4. What were the technological developments in GA and how did they impact GA's growth?
5. Who was William McIntosh and what was his role in the removal of the Creeks?
6. How are John Ross, John Marshall, and Andrew Jackson connected?
7. How were the Dahlonega Gold Rush and the case of Worcester v. Georgia connected?
8. Explain how questions 6 & 7 let to the removal of the Cherokee Indians.
9. Describe the positive & negative results of the Trail of Tears, for the people of GA.

Essential Questions

Explain significant factors that affected westward expansion in Georgia between 1789 and 1840.

GSE SS8H4

Explain reasons for the establishment of the University of Georgia, and for the westward movement of Georgia’s capitals.

GSE SS8H4.a

1. Write 3 things that you notice about this painting and share with a partner.
2. Where do you think is the setting for this painting?
3. What does the end of the railroad represent?
4. What do you think the man is showing the woman standing on the hill? Why?

H4.a INQUIRY

1. Why does government have a responsibility to provide citizens with a free education?
2. Who should receive an education?
3. What charter do you think is being referred to in this statement?

The charter asserted that an educated citizenry is essential to a free government, that government has a responsibility to see that its citizens receive an education, and that all people — not just the wealthy and privileged — have a right to education.

• Larry B. Dendy, The New Georgia Encyclopedia, 2009

H4.a INQUIRY

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA

• Established on January 27, 1785
• Georgia’s General Assembly approved the charter.
• UGA is America’s FIRST public university

• Lyman Hall - Georgia’s Governor
• Improved Education - Growth of the State
• Granted land to create university

• Governor of Georgia
• Allocated land for UGA

Governor Lyman Hall

• Abraham Baldwin
• Signed the US Constitution
• Wrote the University’s charter
• First president of the University

Founder of the University of Georgia

Abraham Baldwin

Franklin College/Old College One of UGA’s first buildings

UGA Campus Tour

• After the Civil War, the University was designated as a “land grant institution”
• Land is set aside by the federal government to create a university

• Saxby Chambliss
• Former U.S. Senator

Famous UGA Alumni

Famous UGA Alumni

LINK TO GA STORY

• Crawford W. Long
• First to use ether as an anesthetic for surgery

Famous UGA Alumni

• Henry W. Grady
• First editor of AJC
• Grady Hospital is named for him

Famous UGA Alumni

• Nathaniel Harris
• Founder of Georgia Tech

Applying Soon?

GEORGIA’S CAPITALS

• GA’s 1st capital
• Savannah was named after the Savannah River

Savannah, GA

Savannah, GA

• GA’s 2nd capital
• Oglethorpe named Augusta in honor of Princess Augusta, wife of Frederick, Prince of Wales.

Augusta, GA

Augusta, GA

• GA’s 3rd capital
• Named for French King Louis XVI for his support during the American Revolution
• The name is of French origin, but is pronounced "Lewis-ville" by locals

Louisville, GA

Louisville, GA

• GA’s 4th Capital

• In October 1807 fifteen wagons carrying the treasury and public records of the state left Louisville for Milledgeville.
• The capital remained there for 60 years

Milledgeville, GA

Milledgeville, GA

• Continued moving westward
• Where the people moved, the capitals followed
• Eventually, Atlanta will become the capital of Georgia

The Capitals

• On June 30, 1868, a train of sixteen railcars left Atlanta for Milledgeville with an order from the provisional governor to bring back the statehouse furniture and furnishings.
• Atlanta remains the capital today.

Atlanta, GA

• The MAIN reason the capitals moved WEST was to help keep the capitals in the center of the state’s population.

Capitals

• There have been five cities that have served as the state capital of Georgia.
• An easy way to remember the name of all of Georgia’s capital cities is to remember the acronym S.A.L.M.A.
• Savannah
• Augusta
• Louisville
• Milledgeville
• Atlanta

Georgia’s State Capitals

A. Emory University B. Harvard University C. The University of Georgia D. The University of North Carolina

What was the first public university to receive a charter in the United States?

A. Georgia needed a university to match other states education programs B. Land grants made it possible to provide public education opportunities C. To compete against Georgia Tech D. Without it, Athens would have died.

Why was UGA established?

A. The people kept moving west, and so went the capital with the people. B. It needed to be moved away from the ocean in case of an attack. C. The citizens wanted it to be Atlanta and needed to slowly move the capital closer. D. To hide it from our enemies.

What was the sole purpose of the changing of location for the state capital?

VOCABWORDS

• Establishment
• University of Georgia
• Western Movement
• Georgia’s Capitals
• SALMA

GSE SS8H4.a

1. Why was UGA established?
2. Why did the capital of GA keep moving westward?
3. How did the land policies (Headright, Land Lottery, and Yazoo) impact GA?
4. What were the technological developments in GA and how did they impact GA's growth?
5. Who was William McIntosh and what was his role in the removal of the Creeks?
6. How are John Ross, John Marshall, and Andrew Jackson connected?
7. How were the Dahlonega Gold Rush and the case of Worcester v. Georgia connected?
8. Explain how questions 6 & 7 let to the removal of the Cherokee Indians.
9. Describe the positive & negative results of the Trail of Tears, for the people of GA.

Essential Questions

Evaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo Land Fraud.

GSE SS8H4.b

1. Why do you think the men are reaching in the two barrels?
2. Who do you think the men are sitting at the table?
3. When do you think this drawing was made?
4. Why are so many people watching?
5. What would be a something today that would be similar to this drawing?

H4.b INQUIRY

1. What do you think is being burned?
2. Who do think the men are in the picture?
3. Why would they burn the document?

H4.b INQUIRY

• After the Revolutionary War, Georgia gained access to a large amount of land
• Many American Indians had signed land over to the British before the war. This land became the property of the new U.S.

Land Policies: The Headright System, Land Lotteries, and the Yazoo Land Fraud

Land Policies: The Headright System, Land Lotteries, and the Yazoo Land Fraud

• Land stretched all the way to the Mississippi River.
• War veterans and others believed they had the right to new land
• What was the best way to distribute land to the people of the state?

HEADRIGHT SYSTEM

• Heads of households = 200 acres of FREE land, with the possibility of 1,000 acres total
• Men who had families or slaves received even more.
• 50 Acres per servant or family member
• Soldiers could receive more land

Headright System

• Few people wanted to move to a new state for meager wages.
• The offer of FREE land was very attractive
• The free land would offer the state of GA a larger population and a buffer zone of men ready to defend the new state

Headright System

Headright System

• White men over the age of 21
• Soldiers who had fought during the Revolution
• Soldiers had to present a signed voucher by a commanding officer
• This became corrupt very quickly
• Too many claimants
• Not enough land to offer

YEEAAH H

Headright System WATCH AT 1.5 SPEED

Headright SystemV. Land Lottery

LAND LOTTERY

Land Lottery

• Land lottery systems
• From 1805-1833, Georgia had 8 land lotteries
• Almost anyone could buy chances to “get” land

• Prices for tickets varied depending on the particular lottery

Some price ranges are $8.10 for a 202 ½ acre lot $12.15 for 202 ½ acre lot $19.60 for a 490 acre lot Prices were different for different drawings

Land Lottery

Land Lottery

Land Lottery

• Gave average Georgians opportunity to gain large amounts of land

Land Lottery

• Eligible names sent to the state
• Participants paid for ticket
• Participants’ names were placed in one drum
• The lots bearing a number would be placed in a second drum.

Land Lottery Drawing

Land Lottery Drawing

Land Lottery

People could buy more tickets based on:

• Age
• Marital status
• War service
• Orphans and widows eligible

Land Lottery

Land Lottery

YAZOO LAND FRAUD

Yazoo Land Fraud

• GA government weakened by Revolution
• Not strong enough to defend western GA (Miss./AL)

Yazoo Land Fraud

Yazoo Land Fraud

Land is sold to companies for unbelievably low prices. Governor and General Assembly had been bribed

Yazoo Land Fraud

The Yazoo Act (1795)

• 40 Million acres of land that would become Alabama and Mississippi was sold to:

Four land companies for $500,000.

Yazoo Land Fraud

• General Assembly passed a bill
• 4 land companies bought 35-50 million acres
• One and half cents per acre

Yazoo Land Fraud

• Gov. George Mathews signed the Yazoo Act into law
• Georgians protested the sale

“Something was not right…”

Yazoo Land Fraud

• Land companies = BRIBED the GA General Assembly and the governor
• Bribing the General Assembly is ILLEGAL

Yazoo Land Fraud

Governor of Georgia Took Bribes as the Governor

George Mathews

Yazoo Land Fraud

Part of the Bribed Legislators?

William Few

Yazoo Land Fraud

• The bribed legislators chose to continue with the sale
• James Jackson, a US Senator was contacted
• Outraged, he resigned and returned to GA

Georgia senator who stops the Yazoo Land Fraud

James Jackson

Yazoo Land Fraud

• Jackson got elected to the General Assembly
• He and his political allies took control

Yazoo Land Fraud

• General Assembly NULLIFIED (Refused to Enforce) the Yazoo Act.
• “Known” as the Yazoo Land Fraud
• Federal (U.S.) gov’t got involved

Yazoo Land Fraud

• 1802 - Georgia CEDED (gave away) the disputed land to the U.S. gov’t (AL and Miss.)
• GA got 1.25 million dollars
• The U.S. promised it would relinquish Indian land claims in the state and remove the Creek Indians from Georgia

The most significant result of the Yazoo Land Fraud was

• GA LOST all lands WEST of the Chattahoochee river
• GA’s borders were reestablished
• (At the time land NW of the Chattahoochee was Cherokee land)

Yazoo Land Fraud

At the State Capital, Louisville. James Jackson used a magnifying glass to set the fire. It was called: “Holy Fire from Heaven”

Burning of the Yazoo Land Act

Burning the Yazoo Land Act “Holy Fire from Heaven”

A. To create a buffer zone of new settlers in GA’s backcountry B. Administered voting and election districts C. Established a method of counting population D. Provided an organized system of collecting taxes

What was the purpose of the headright system in Georgia?

A. Yazoo deals B. land lotteries C. freedom fighters D. headright systems

Events in which Georgians had the chance to win the right to buy land from the state were known as

A. claimed land that had been acquired illegally B. took land from the Native Americans by force C. made illegal treaties with the Native Americans D. bribed legislators so they could buy land cheaply

The Yazoo Land Fraud occurred because land companies

VOCABWORDS

• Land Policies
• Headright System
• Land Lotteries
• Yazoo Land Fraud

GSE SS8H4.b

1. Why was UGA established?
2. Why did the capital of GA keep moving westward?
3. How did the land policies (Headright, Land Lottery, and Yazoo) impact GA?
4. What were the technological developments in GA and how did they impact GA's growth?
5. Who was William McIntosh and what was his role in the removal of the Creeks?
6. How are John Ross, John Marshall, and Andrew Jackson connected?
7. How were the Dahlonega Gold Rush and the case of Worcester v. Georgia connected?
8. Explain how questions 6 & 7 let to the removal of the Cherokee Indians.
9. Describe the positive & negative results of the Trail of Tears, for the people of GA.

Essential Questions

Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth.

GSE SS8H4.c

1. What two major cities are connected by The Georgia Railway?
2. What river is located at the Augusta stop?
3. What are the cardinal directions connected by the Georgia Railway?

H4.c INQUIRY

• 1789 - George Washington becomes the 1st President
• Begins U.S. expansion period (1789-1840)

The U.S. Grows

Portrait Saved by Dolley Madison when the British burned the White House in the War of 1812

George Washington

The U.S. Grows

• American Indians CEDED (Voluntarily gives up) land to the U.S.
• American Indians given plots of land in the West (reservations)

The U.S. Grows

• 1803-Louisiana Purchase from France
• U.S. gained 10 current U.S. states
• LA, AR, MO, IA, MN, ND, SD, NE, MT, WY

Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

Thomas Jefferson 3rd President Authorized Louisiana Purchase

The U.S. Grows

• Farmers now had access to Miss. River
• Opened new land for farming

THE COTTON GIN

• Tobacco had destroyed the soil
• Georgia was looking for ways to make growing cotton profitable

The Cotton Gin

The Cotton Gin

The Cotton Gin

The Cotton Gin

• Cotton had to be “deseeded” by hand.
• This process took too long
• Most farmers could not produce more than one pound of cotton a day.

The Cotton Gin

• Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
• Cotton gin could remove the seeds from 50 pounds of cotton a day.
• Cotton became profitable in Georgia and the rest of the South.

Inventor of the Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney

The Cotton Gin, 1793

The Cotton Gin, 1793

The Cotton Gin

• Farmers began to seek out land to grow cotton
• The South grew a large majority of the world’s cotton by 1800

The Cotton Gin

POSITIVE EFFECT Invention of the Cotton gin =

• better economy/ more growth

The Cotton Gin

NEGATIVE EFFECTS

• dependent on one crop
• more slaves in GA, & the south

The Cotton Gin

• Increase in cotton = Need for more slaves
• Led to the South’s dependence on slavery
• Later one of the causes of the Civil War

The Cotton Gin

RAILROADS

Railroads

• Railroads help create many GA cities
• Created as a better way to transport cotton & people

• Atlanta - Named for the Western and Atlantic Railroad
• Originally called Terminus (End of the Line)
• Grew so much, it became the HUB (Center) of the railroads in the South

Railroads

Western and Atlantic Railroad

Western and Atlantic Railroad

Railroads

• Atlanta became the first major American city to be built away from a navigable river.
• Railroads led to increased business and economic growth
• Products could be shipped further from water than before

Railroads

A. It decreased in importance as more textile mills opened B. It decreased the need for slaves because the state had less rice plantations C. It became the most important crop to the state’s economy and ensured that the state remained dependent on slavery D. It led to the state’s increased dependence on trade as Georgia imported most of their supply of cotton from other states and overseas

What impact did cotton have on Georgia’s economy during the 1800s?

A. the Yazoo Land Fraud B. Sherman’s “march to the sea” C. the establishment of the railroads in the 1800s D. conflicts between Georgians and American Indians

Increased markets, more efficient trade, and the rise of Atlanta can all be attributed to

VOCABWORDS

• Technological Developments
• Cotton Gin
• Railroads

GSE SS8H4.c

1. Why was UGA established?
2. Why did the capital of GA keep moving westward?
3. How did the land policies (Headright, Land Lottery, and Yazoo) impact GA?
4. What were the technological developments in GA and how did they impact GA's growth?
5. Who was William McIntosh and what was his role in the removal of the Creeks?
6. How are John Ross, John Marshall, and Andrew Jackson connected?
7. How were the Dahlonega Gold Rush and the case of Worcester v. Georgia connected?
8. Explain how questions 6 & 7 let to the removal of the Cherokee Indians.
9. Describe the positive & negative results of the Trail of Tears, for the people of GA.

Essential Questions

Describe the role of William McIntosh in the removal of the Muscogee (Creek) from Georgia.

GSE SS8H4.d

1. What is the region in Georgia with the most cotton production?
2. Why was the cotton production less in the northern part of Georgia?

H4.d INQUIRY

1. Why would the United States build a Mint at Dahlonega?
2. Why do you think men are standing on the roof?

H4.d INQUIRY

THE CREEKS

• Largest nation of Indians in GA
• Tomochichi’s Yamacraw were a part of Creek Nation
• Occupied the most land in GA

The Muscogee (Creeks)

Tomochichi

The Muscogee (Creeks)

• Creeks got along with GA colonists
• Creeks did not like slavery either
• Great Trading Partners

What changed?

The Muscogee (Creeks)

• The Creek sided with Britain during the Revolution
• Hurt relationships with many Georgians
• End of deer trade & Overhunting

The Muscogee (Creeks)

• Georgians became jealous of Creek land
• Wanted them gone
• Several major Creek land CESSIONS - “Willingly” gave up their land

The Muscogee (Creeks)

• 1813 - civil war starts between the Creek Indians.
• Red Stick War
• Named for Creeks who wanted to fight the White settlers

The Muscogee (Creeks)

• Red Sticks said whites were trespassing
• White Sticks said to leave the whites alone
• United States Army gets involved

Red Stick War

The Muscogee (Creeks)

• Creek defeated by U.S. troops
• Led by General Andrew Jackson
• Battle of Horseshoe Bend
• Creeks forced to give up 22 million acres of land

General Andrew Jackson

Red Sticks Surrender to General Andrew Jackson

War of 1812 “Hero” Battle of New Orleans

General Andrew Jackson

Creek land ceded to the U.S.

CHIEF WILLIAM MCINTOSH

• Creek chief
• Scottish father and Creek mother
• Cousin to Georgia governor George Troup
• Related to several high ranking Georgia families

Chief William McIntosh

Creek Chief

William McIntosh

Cousin of William McIntosh Co-Signed Final Treaty with U.S. Government

Governor George Troup

Chief William McIntosh

• Angered fellow Creeks
• Constantly sided with U. S.
• Creek suffered through a terrible famine
• McIntosh became friends with a U.S. Indian agent

Chief William McIntosh

• Friendship allowed Creek to gain food and supplies
• Smoothed over bad opinions for awhile
• Wanted Creek to conform to white society

Chief William McIntosh

• McIntosh owned 2 plantations
• Owned Slaves
• Creeks were unhappy with him

Chief William McIntosh

• Creek chief could not make decisions by himself
• Must consult counsel, especially if it involved land

Chief William McIntosh

1825

• Second Treaty of Indian Springs
• Signed by McIntosh and six other chiefs

Chief William McIntosh

• All Creek land in Georgia was sold to the U.S. for $200,000.
• McIntosh received extra cash (bribe)
• Creek council ordered execution of McIntosh

Chief William McIntosh

• 200 Creek warriors assassinated the Chief, William McIntosh
• U.S. still enforced the illegal treaty
• Creek nation was now gone from GA

Murder of McIntosh

Chief William McIntosh

Chief William McIntosh

After McIntosh’s murder, his wives (yes two) wrote a letter to Governor Troup and asked for assistance. The letter is four pages and explained how they lost everything and their children were starving. The smudge in the middle of the fourth page seen here is blood from McIntosh himself. His wives signed it with their names and then dipped their finger in his blood and smeared it on the page.

A. The inventor of the McIntosh computer B. Chief of the Cherokee Indians who traded away all their land C. Chief of the Creek Indians who sold away all their land D. The BEST of all the Chief’s of the Creek Indians

Who was William McIntosh?

A. He fought bravely in a battle with another American Indian tribe. B. He was very old, as Chiefs are. C. He did not look before falling into a Creek. D. He sold the Creek land without tribal permission.

Why did Chief William McIntosh die?

VOCABWORDS

• William McIntosh (Creek Chief)
• Removal of the Creek

GSE SS8H4.d

1. Why was UGA established?
2. Why did the capital of GA keep moving westward?
3. How did the land policies (Headright, Land Lottery, and Yazoo) impact GA?
4. What were the technological developments in GA and how did they impact GA's growth?
5. Who was William McIntosh and what was his role in the removal of the Creeks?
6. How are John Ross, John Marshall, and Andrew Jackson connected?
7. How were the Dahlonega Gold Rush and the case of Worcester v. Georgia connected?
8. Explain how questions 6 & 7 let to the removal of the Cherokee Indians.
9. Describe the positive & negative results of the Trail of Tears, for the people of GA.

Essential Questions

Analyze how key people (John Ross, John Marshall, and Andrew Jackson) and events (Dahlonega Gold Rush and Worcester v. Georgia) led to the removal of the Cherokees from Georgia known as the Trail of Tears.

GSE SS8H4.e

1. Who is represented in this cartoon?
2. What group of people in Georgia would most likely agree with this cartoon?

H4.e INQUIRY

1. What event is being portrayed in this painting?
2. What group of people are seen in this painting?
3. Why do you think the 4 people are off to the side not walking?

H4.e INQUIRY

CHIEF JOHN ROSS

• Principal chief of the Cherokee Nation.
• Mixed heritage
• Spoke English and practiced many European customs

John Ross

John Ross

• Sold goods to the U.S. Government in Chattanooga
• Used the profits to buy a plantation
• Created a ferry business

John Ross

• Used his wealth and connections to win several governmental positions
• Became principal chief in 1827
• White Georgians were lobbying to remove the Cherokee from the state

Last Chief of the Cherokee in Georgia

John Ross

DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH

1828 - Dahlonega, GA

• America’s first gold rush began
• This discovery did not bode well for the Cherokee.

Dahlonega Gold Rush

Dahlonega Gold Rush

Dahlonega Gold Rush

• Thousands of miners fought for Cherokee land
• Began to settle there without permission
• Cherokee called it “The Great Intrusion”

Dahlonega Gold Rush

• Many whites wanted land in the area
• Georgia held a land lottery in 1832
• The Cherokee still lived on the land

Dahlonega Gold Rush

• whites demanded removal of Cherokee
• wanted their gold

Dahlonega Gold Rush

• General Assembly passed laws concerning Cherokee land
• If gold was discovered, then the land belonged to the state
• Cherokee law was declared invalid

Dahlonega Gold Rush

• Cherokee could not speak against whites in court
• Whites could hurt or kill Cherokee
• Cherokee had no right to any land that contained gold

Dahlonega Gold Rush

• Gold Rush lasted 20 years
• U.S. government set up a mint
• Produced almost 1.5 million gold coins

Dahlonega Gold Rush

• Gold became much more difficult to mine
• 1849 - California Gold Rush began
• Thousands of Americans moved out west to find their fortunes

WORCESTER VS. GEORGIA

Worcester vs. Georgia

Cherokee Nation vs. GA

Worcester vs. Georgia

• 1832 - a landmark Supreme Court case
• Should have protected the Cherokee from removal

Worcester vs. Georgia

Law: Whites cannot live on Cherokee land without signing oath of allegiance to the governor

• 11 missionaries refused to sign
• Postmaster: Samuel Worcester

Worcester vs. Georgia

• Everyone who refused to sign was thrown in jail
• Sentenced to a hard labor work detail
• Chained and had to walk 80 miles to courthouse in Lawrenceville

Challenged Pledge of Allegiance to Governor

Samuel Worcester

Worcester vs. Georgia

Samuel Worcester

• Northern Missionary that lived with the Cherokee
• Arrested (several times) for living amongst the tribe without Georgia’s permission

Worcester vs. Georgia

• State prosecuted Worcester and other missionaries
• Sentenced them to four years of hard labor in Milledgeville
• Cherokee hired lawyers to appeal their sentence

Governor who fought Cherokee missionaries

George Gilmer

Worcester vs. Georgia

• Supreme Court ruled in the Cherokee’s favor
• Chief Justice John Marshall condemned legislators

Worcester vs. Georgia

• It declared the Cherokee Nation was SOVEREIGN

(Subject to their own laws)

• State of GA could not interfere in their affairs

Worcester vs. Georgia

• Ruled that Cherokee Nation was a legal country
• Georgia law DID NOT APPLY to the Cherokee

Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Decided Georgia Law did NOT apply to the Cherokee

John Marshall

Worcester vs. Georgia

• Missionaries remained in prison
• GA continued to push the federal government for removal
• Governor Wilson Lumpkin pardoned the missionaries

Worcester vs. Georgia

• Marshall freed the two non-signers
• Marshall ordered the Cherokee to be left alone
• Governor Wilson Lumpkin refused to enforce Marshall’s decision

Georgia Governor Refused to enforce John Marshall’s decision in Worcester vs. GA

Wilson Lumpkin

Worcester vs. Georgia

• President Andrew Jackson is asked to enforce Marshall’s decision
• President Jackson refused

“States should be in charge of Indian affairs”

Worcester vs. Georgia

Jackson’s famous quote: “John Marshall has rendered his decision, now let him enforce it!” Cherokee’s time is running out

Worcester vs. Georgia

STORY TIME The Cherokee leadership hoped the decision would persuade the federal government to intervene against Georgia and end the talk of removal. Georgia ignored the Supreme Court's ruling, refused to release the missionaries, and continued to press the federal government to remove the Cherokees. President Jackson did not enforce the decision against the state and instead called on the Cherokees to relocate or fall under Georgia's jurisdiction. (Although Jackson is widely quoted as saying, "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it," his actual words to Brigadier General John Coffee were: "The decision of the supreme court has fell still born, and they find that it cannot coerce Georgia to yield to its mandate.")

Worcester vs. Georgia

PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON

1830 - Indian Removal Act

• All Native Americans were to be moved to the western territories
• GA senators and reps. pushed hard for this bill to be passed

President Andrew Jackson

President Andrew Jackson

• Act allows GA to remove Indians
• Act allows president to negotiate with the American Indians as to how they would be removed

President Andrew Jackson

• The Senate passed the Indian Removal Act by a vote of 28 to 19. [+9 Votes]
• The House of Representatives passed the Act by a vote of 102 to 97. [+5 Votes]
• The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson.

7th President of the United States Signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830

Andrew Jackson

TRAIL OF TEARS

Trail of Tears

• 1835 - All Cherokee tribes told to come to New Echota
• Treaty would be signed
• Would CEDE (Give Up) all land to the US

Trail of Tears

• If you did not show up....
• It meant you agreed with the treaty
• Only 500 of the 17,000 Cherokee were present

Trail of Tears

• Treaty of New Echota
• 1835-ALL Cherokee land ceded to U.S.
• Major Ridge and son, John signed treaty

Trail of Tears

Cherokee Chief

Major Ridge

Cherokee Leader

John Ridge

• President Martin Van Buren sent in troops
• Troops led by General Winfield Scott
• 2,000 Cherokee left willingly

Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears

8th President of the U.S. Actually Enforced the Removal of the Cherokee

Martin Van Buren

Led Military in Removal of the Cherokee

General Winfield Scott

• 7,000 troops sent in
• American Indians forced to move from Georgia to Oklahoma
• 4,000 Cherokee died
• Fever, dysentery, and cholera

Trail of Tears

• Cherokee actually felt fear, despair, & hurt
• Called it “the trail where they cried”
• We now refer to the move from GA to Oklahoma as the “Trail of Tears”

Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears

A. The US to give back all lands taken. B. The US to honor treaties and protect all American Indians. C. The US to leave the New World. D. The US to call them “American Indians.”

What did John Ross demand?

A. That Georgia law did not apply to the American Cherokee Indians. B. All American Cherokee Indians could remain in Georgia. C. All American Cherokee Indians could not remain in Georgia. D. Chocolate ice-cream is better than vanilla ice-cream.

What did John Marshall decide?

A. The Indian relocation act. B. The Indian protection act. C. The Indian removal act. D. The Indian Holiday act.

What did Andrew Jackson sign?

A. gold and land to white settlers. B. gold to white settlers. C. land to white settlers. D. gold, god, and glory to white settlers.

The Dahlonega Gold Rush provided

A. Cherokee Nation had to leave Georgia. B. Cherokee Nation was sovereign. C. Cherokee Nation was allowed to stay. D. Cherokee Nation had to start the Trail of Tears.

What did Worcester v. Georgia declare?

A. Propaganda by the American Indians to fight removal from Georgia. B. A trail in which many clothes were torn. C. A trail in which one could track the movements of the American Indians. D. The forced removal of American Indians.

What was the Trail of Tears?

VOCABWORDS

• John Ross (Cherokee Chief)
• John Marshall (US Chief Supreme Court Justice)
• President Andrew Jackson
• Dahlonega Gold Rush
• Worcester v. Georgia
• Removal of Cherokees
• Trail of Tears

GSE SS8H4.e

THE END