Reinforcement, Revision and Extension Worksheets

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Prenatal Development & Birth

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Time between conception and birth, divided into 3 phases

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Gestation Period

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3 cell layers of Blastocyst

1. Ectoderm: Nerves, skin, teeth 2. Endoderm: Organs 3. Mesoderm: Muscles, bones

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Which life stage? Hint: End of 2nd week- End of 8th week

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Embryo, organogensis, chorionic villi, placenta, primitive heat, brain waves, neural proliferation and migration

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Embryo Stage

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Which stage of life?

Hint: 9th week-birth

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Sex organs, heartbeat, viability cusp (22-24 weeks), fetal behavior (sleep & movement)

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Fetal Stage

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- Pregnancy loss before survival outside the womb - Estimates of 8%-50% pregnancies end in miscarriage - Spontaneous abortion occurs in 10%-20% of recognized pregnancy

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Miscarriage

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Substances or conditions harmful to prenatal development

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Teratogens

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Examples of what?

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Pollution, nicotine, anesthesia, trauma, stress, maternal depression, aspirin, alchohol, mutagens

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Teratogens

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Diabetes, herpes simplex 2, syphilis, AIDS, age- related risks ( down syndrom, miscarriage)

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Maternal Disease & Prenatal Health

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Surrounding birth enviornment; risks including: Anoxia, Breech Presenatgion, Apgar Scale

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Perinatal Enviornment

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Risk for mothers and fathersAffecting bonding & emotional well being

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Postpartum Depression (PPD)

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1. Regulates growth through hormones 2. Triggers hormone release for growth, metabolism, sexual development 3. Regulates Metabolism

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1. Endocrine System 2. Pituitary Gland 3. Thyroid Gland

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1. Brain + spinal cord 2. Somatic + autonomic systems 3. Comprised of cell body (+ other elements)

1. CNS2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 3. Neurons

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1. Creation of neurons: occurs in prenatal period 2. Formation of neural connections influenced by experience 3. Elimination of unused neurons

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1. Neurogenesis 2. Synaptogenesis 3. Neural Pruning

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Pulling self to stand (6-10 months)Walking Alone (12 months) Walking up stairs (17 months)

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Motor Development Milestones

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1. Growth from simple to complex 2. Growth from center outward 3. Growth from head to tail

Principles of physical growth

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1. Orthogenetic Principle2. Proximodistal Principle Cephalocaudal Principle

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1. Growth occurs in a reverse order (fingers toes, torso, organs)2. Circulation of adrenal hormone 3. Onset of mentruation/ sperm production 4. Obesity & related health issues are prevalent in adolescents

1. Adolescent Growth Spurt 2. Adrenarche 3. Menarche/Spermarche 4. Nutritional Concerns

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1. Aging due to biological clocks2. Aging due to external factors 3. Gray matter, particularly affecting the frontal cortex, leading to reduced cognitve functioning

Aging and physical decline

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1. Programmed Theories 2. Random Error Theories 3. Brain Aging

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Jean Piaget's Cognitve & Language

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1. Mental patterns of action and thinking 2. Processes of adapting to new info

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1. Schemes 2. Assimilation & Acommodation

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Stages of Development

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1. Memory formation, goal directed behavior, onject permanence (0-2 years) 2. use of symbols, egocentrism, illogical thinking (2-7 years)

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1. Sensorimotor Stage 2. Preoperational Stage

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1. Symbolic thought, classification, conservation principles, seriation 2. Deductive reasoning, hypothetical thought, abstract reasoning

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1. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 yrs) 2. Formal Operational Stage (11+ yrs)

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1. Focuses on the processess of attention, memory, problem solving 2. Short term memory where active processing of info occurs 3. Ability to regulate attention and cognitive

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1. Information- processing approach 2. Working Memory 3. Executive Control

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1. Innate biological ability to acquire language 2. Language learned through reinforcement 3. Combination of biological predisposition and enviormental influence 4. Optimal window for language acquistion

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1. Nativist Perspective (Noam Chomsky) 2. Learning Perspective (B.F. Skinner) 3. Interactionist Perspective 4. Critical Period Hypothesis

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1. Repetition of sounds (6-9 months) 2. Single words to communicate entire ideas (12 months) 3. Basic sentences (18-24 months)

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1. Babbling 2. 1 word stage 3. 2 word stage

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1. Short, grammatically incomplete sentences 2. Rapid acquisition of new words, especially during early childhood 3. Formation of sentence structure

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1. Telegraphic Speech 2. Vocabulary Expansion 3. Syntax Development

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