Group A

Isaac Brickland, Alex Goodhand, Anya Regan,Zhuo Wang, Haozhe Xu

Group A- hand sanitiser

Alex

​

• Pleasant smelling​
• Moisturizing qualities​
• Fast drying​
• Eco-friendly​
• Low production cost​
• Gentle to skin (non-irritant)​
• Portability​

02

Desirable

01

• Cheap​
• Antimicrobial​
• Anti allergenic

Essential

Requirements

Anya

To make 10 litre of hand sanitizer:​

1. Fill 10-litre glass or plastic bottles with screw-threaded stoppers with 8333ml of ethanol​
2. Add 417ml of hydrogen peroxide 3% to the bottle​
3. Add 145ml of gylcerol to bottle using measuring cylinder​
4. Fill to 10 litre mark on bottle with sterile distilled water and add lid as soon as possible to prevent evaporation​
5. Solution is shaken gently/ use a paddle to stir whichever is most appropriate​
6. Solution can now be divded into small amount for distribution.​
7. label correctly using WHO guidelines

Reagents: ​• Ethanol 96% ​• Hydrogen peroxide 3% • Glycerol 98%​• Sterile distilled or boiled cold water Final concentrations: ​ • Ethanol 80% (v/v), ​ • Glycerol 1.45% (v/v), ​ • Hydrogen peroxide 0.125% (v/v)

02

Procedure

01

Formulation

WHO formulation 1

Option 1

Isaac

• For the hand sanitizer to be effective it needs to be 80% ethanol by concentration and that ethanol must be 96% pure this often leads to manufacturers not being able to meet the right alcoholic standards in their sanitizers meaning they are unable to act efficiently ​
• There have been reports of alcoholic hand sanitizers being ignited however this has only been reported on one instance and this was more of a freak accident and therefore cannot be blamed as a negative to the overall safety of alcoholic hand sanitizers ​
• In some cases, alcoholic hand sanitizers have been known to be unsafe for softer more delicate skin and can cause some irritation, however as this is only a small portion of the population, this minor instance can be overlooked.

Disadvantges

Advantages

• It is recommended by the world health organization​
• Alcoholic hand sanitizer is by far the cheapest way of producing sanitizer. ​
• "the use of ethanol- and 2-propanol-containing disinfectants in the medical environment can be considered as safe" - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00423-007-0237-7

WHO formulation 1

Option 1

Haozhe

Make GEO gel:​

1. Use gel base: Carbomer(0.5wt%) ​
2. Add 100g distilled water.​
3. Swollen Carbomer gel with EO mixed for 10 min on a stirrer.​
4. Add 1M of NaOH solution to make sure pH value is 6.​

Make GMA gel:​

1. adjusted to pH3.5 by using 1M NaOH solution.​
2. Add GMA (5.0wt%) into Carbomer. ​
3. Stirred vigorously for 10 min.​
4. Use 1M NaOH solution to adjusted pH value 5.6-6.0..​

02

Procedure

01

Ingredients:​

• essential oils: cinnamon clove lemon and thyme​
• Mandelic acid.​
• Carbomer gel​
• NaOH solution.

Formulation

Non- alcoholic formultation

Option 2

Zhuo

1. Photosensitivity​ Some ingredients, such as fragrances or essential oils, may react with sunlight, causing skin irritation or allergic reactions.2. Limited Efficacy​compared to alcohol hand sanitiser . may be less effective against certain viruses and bacteria.

Disadvantges

Advantages

1. Antimicrobial activities​ strong antimicrobial activity against various bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. 2. Gentle skin care​ gentler on the skin contain moisturizing agents that help retain skin hydration.3. Safe for Sensitive Skin​ More suitable for sensitive skin or for use by children.

Non- alcoholic formuation

Option 2

Why we chose this option:

• cheaper - the wHO formula has specifically ingredent avalible at very low cost around the world
• easier- production of this option 1 is much simpiler than option 2 meaning it could be scaled to mas production easier to meet hte high demand of hand sanitiser
• Has been throughly tested and reviewed even in often over looked areas such as religion and cultures
• can be made with a small carbon footprint in many countries as ethanol and glycerol can be procured by local suppliers
• This option would additionally be very pratical for use to make in the undergrate teaching laboratory

Decision = option 1

World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care First Global Patient Safety Challenge Clean Care Is Safer Care. 2009.

Kratzel, Annika, et al. “Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 by WHO-Recommended Hand Rub Formulations and Alcohols.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 26, no. 7, July 2020, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200915.

WHO. GUIDE to LOCAL PRODUCTION: WHO-RECOMMENDED HANDRUB FORMULATIONS. Apr. 2010.

Ahmed, A.H.M. and Goh, C.F. (2020). How to make hand sanitiser/hand rub. Community eye health, [online] 33(109), pp.24–25. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7677806/.Kirschner, M.H., Lang, R.A., Breuer, B., Breuer, M., Gronover, C.S., Zwingers, T., Böttrich, J.G., Arndt, A., Brauer, U., Hintzpeter, M., Burmeister, M.-A. and Fauteck, J.-D. (2009). Transdermal resorption of an ethanol- and 2-propanol-containing skin disinfectant. Langenbeck’s Archives of Surgery, [online] 394(1), pp.151–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-007-0237-7.Yusuf, A.A. (2021). Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be? South African Journal of Science, 117(11/12). doi:https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/9328.

Egner, P., Pavlačková, J., Sedlaříková, J., Pleva, P., Mokrejš, P. and Janalíková, M. (2023). Non-Alcohol Hand Sanitiser Gels with Mandelic Acid and Essential Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, [online] 24(4), p.3855. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043855.

References

THANK YOU!

Benefits:

• Ethanol 80%- kill bacteria and viruses

• ​ Hydrogen Peroxide 3%- eliminates spores​
• Glycerol – humectant while not adding to toxicity or promoting allergies

The WHO definition of hand sanitizers is “An alcohol-containing preparation (liquid, gel, or foam) designed for application to the hands to inactivate microorganisms and/or temporarily suppress their growth”

The benefits:​ GEO/MA gel showed higher antimicrobial activity than the commercial ethanol-based samples.​ “Sensory analysis has revealed that the organoleptic properties of GCEO/MA, GCLEO/MA and GLEO/MA were better than the commercial ethanol-based product.”