Mental Health Care Timeline

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By Ravin H, Hannah K, Dua S, Shanna C, Ashley K, Sierra S

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The start of mental health care and the NIMH

1940's

1970-Lithium approved as treatment for mania 1979-National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) was founded

1970's

Deinstitutionalization Movement

1960's

The emergence of psychotropic medications and the Mental Health Study Act

1950's

Mental Health Care: A Historical Timeline

Why is the history of mental health care important?

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By Ravin H, Hannah K, Dua S, Shanna C, Ashley K, Sierra S

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Improvements to Mental Health Acts and the Impact of Social Media

2000's

Mental Health Act of 1990

1990's

DSM III was introduced, the Mental Health systems act was signed, SSRI's were approved by FDA

1980's

Mental Health Care: A Historical Timeline

Sources

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July 6th 2011: "Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health Initiative" launched with the mission to prioritize and identify research areas that improve individuals impacted by mental, neurological, and substance use disorders worldwide Late 2000's: Widespread of Mental Health Month in May and World Mental Health Day on October 10th through social media alongside the increase of social media platforms to share experiences, spread awareness, and create online communities

Early 2000's: NAMI took an initiative called "Stigma Busters" that funded anti-stigma efforts in the entertainment networks & companies 2008: Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPEA)-Strengthens 1996 MHPA by adding substance abuse disorders 2010: NAMI switched to positive storytelling to amplify their message using social media

The 2000's-Present

The 1960's

• This movement aimed to integrate indivuals with mental health conditions into communities and out of long term facilities.
• President JFK implemented an influencial Act called the Community Mental Health Act in 1963 that inenacted the federal government to play a significant role in the mental health services.
• New treatments were also developed during this time that included the creation of cognitive therapy that is now known as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) by Aaron Beck, M.D. and Albert Ellis, Ph.D.

Ahad, A. A., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M., & Junquera, P. (2023). Understanding and Addressing Mental Health Stigma Across Cultures for Improving Psychiatric Care: A Narrative Review. Cureus, 15(5), e39549. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.39549 Economou, M., Bechraki, A., & Charitsi, M. (2020). Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki, 31(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2020.311.36 Knaak, S., Mantler, E., & Szeto, A. (2017). Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare: Barriers to access and care and evidence- based solutions. Healthcare management forum, 30(2), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470416679413 Mandell, W. (1995). The Realization of an Idea. Publichealth.jhu.edu; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/mental-health/about/origins-of-mental-health National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Support groups. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://namiswwa.org/support- groups/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAi_G5BhDXARIsAN5SX7rWzjHv- HKd0u3G5UcD0VsGAD4COtB7QDM2YmXSya4Te8UgnV2IocYaAlfyEALw_wcB National Institute of Mental Health: Celebrating 75 Years. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/national-institute-of-mental-health-celebrating-75-years Sanabria-Mazo, J. P., Doval, E., Bernadàs, A., Angarita-Osorio, N., Colomer-Carbonell, A., Evans-Lacko, S., Thornicroft, G., Luciano, J. V., & Rubio-Valera, M. (2023). Over 40 years (1981-2023) assessing stigma with the Community Attitudes to Mental Illness (CAMI) scale: a systematic review of its psychometric properties. Systematic reviews, 12(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643- 023-02230-4 Schomerus, G., Schindler, S., Sander, C., Baumann, E., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2022). Changes in mental illness stigma over 30 years - Improvement, persistence, or deterioration?. European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 65(1), e78. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2337

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The 1970's

Activists fought for better treatment and the protection of patient’s rights. Due to inadequate resources, homelessness and incarceration rates among the mentally ill increased. On April 6, 1970, the FDA approved lithium as a treatment for mania. This treatment led to drops in suicide rates among people with bipolar disorder and reduced economic costs associated with the illness. In the early 1970s, antipsychotic drugs like Thorazine and Stelazine started to become widely used to treat conditions such as schizophrenia. These medications, while not a cure, helped manage symptoms and allowed patients to be able to live outside of hospitals, which supported the goals of deinstitutionalization. In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) began working on the revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This revision was needed because the previous categories had been criticised for being too vague and broad, they needed to be more reliable. The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) was founded in 1979 and helped to raise awareness about mental health issues and began to push for more humane treatment. NAMI helped lay the groundwork for later advocacy and patient right movements.

The Importance of Mental Health Care:

Decreasing Stigma and Increasing Acceptance

Throughout our history, mental health has always had a stigmatization when it comes to the treatment and discussion of mental health and mental illness. People with mental illnesses are often treated differently by others or not taken seriously by healthcare providers.

Due to the stigma and negative past related to mental health, many people who suffer from mental illnesses:

• do not receive proper treatments
• are overlooked
• have growing rates of depression and suicide.

The 1940's

• 1946: President Harry S. Truman signed the National Mental Health Act, which called for establishing a National Institute of Mental Health.
• 1949: the establishment of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) lead to more research of developing treatments and promoting understanding of mental illnesses as medical conditions.

The 1990's

1996- Congress declared the 1990s as the “Decade of the Brain,” alloting national recognition of brain research and public education 1996-Established Mental Illness Awareness Week in October

• Mental Health Act of 1990-

authorizes the Administrator for Health Care Policy and Research to provide financial assistance to multidiscplinary health care service research, training, etc.

The 1980's

- DSM III (new diagnostic criteria) was introduced, allowing for better diagnosis and treatment. - Oct 7, 1980 President Carter signed the Mental Health Systems Act, allowing for sfederal, state, and local partnership focused on preventing mental illness. - In 1987, SSRI's were approved by the FDA for treating depression.

The 1950's

• New emergence of psychotropic medications (antipsychotics, antidepressants).
• July 28, 1950: The Mental Health Study Act of 1955 called for “an objective, thorough, and nationwide analysis and reevaluation of the human and economic problems of mental illness.” This Act led to an increase in research grants.

Ahad, A. A., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M., & Junquera, P. (2023). Understanding and Addressing Mental Health Stigma Across Cultures for Improving Psychiatric Care: A Narrative Review. Cureus, 15(5), e39549. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.39549 Economou, M., Bechraki, A., & Charitsi, M. (2020). Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki, 31(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2020.311.36 Knaak, S., Mantler, E., & Szeto, A. (2017). Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare: Barriers to access and care and evidence- based solutions. Healthcare management forum, 30(2), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470416679413 Mandell, W. (1995). The Realization of an Idea. Publichealth.jhu.edu; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/mental-health/about/origins-of-mental-health National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Support groups. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://namiswwa.org/support- groups/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAi_G5BhDXARIsAN5SX7rWzjHv- HKd0u3G5UcD0VsGAD4COtB7QDM2YmXSya4Te8UgnV2IocYaAlfyEALw_wcB National Institute of Mental Health: Celebrating 75 Years. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/national-institute-of-mental-health-celebrating-75-years Sanabria-Mazo, J. P., Doval, E., Bernadàs, A., Angarita-Osorio, N., Colomer-Carbonell, A., Evans-Lacko, S., Thornicroft, G., Luciano, J. V., & Rubio-Valera, M. (2023). Over 40 years (1981-2023) assessing stigma with the Community Attitudes to Mental Illness (CAMI) scale: a systematic review of its psychometric properties. Systematic reviews, 12(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643- 023-02230-4 Schomerus, G., Schindler, S., Sander, C., Baumann, E., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2022). Changes in mental illness stigma over 30 years - Improvement, persistence, or deterioration?. European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 65(1), e78. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2337

Ahad, A. A., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M., & Junquera, P. (2023). Understanding and Addressing Mental Health Stigma Across Cultures for Improving Psychiatric Care: A Narrative Review. Cureus, 15(5), e39549. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.39549 Economou, M., Bechraki, A., & Charitsi, M. (2020). Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki, 31(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2020.311.36 Knaak, S., Mantler, E., & Szeto, A. (2017). Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare: Barriers to access and care and evidence- based solutions. Healthcare management forum, 30(2), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470416679413 Mandell, W. (1995). The Realization of an Idea. Publichealth.jhu.edu; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/mental-health/about/origins-of-mental-health National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Support groups. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://namiswwa.org/support- groups/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAi_G5BhDXARIsAN5SX7rWzjHv- HKd0u3G5UcD0VsGAD4COtB7QDM2YmXSya4Te8UgnV2IocYaAlfyEALw_wcB National Institute of Mental Health: Celebrating 75 Years. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/national-institute-of-mental-health-celebrating-75-years Sanabria-Mazo, J. P., Doval, E., Bernadàs, A., Angarita-Osorio, N., Colomer-Carbonell, A., Evans-Lacko, S., Thornicroft, G., Luciano, J. V., & Rubio-Valera, M. (2023). Over 40 years (1981-2023) assessing stigma with the Community Attitudes to Mental Illness (CAMI) scale: a systematic review of its psychometric properties. Systematic reviews, 12(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643- 023-02230-4 Schomerus, G., Schindler, S., Sander, C., Baumann, E., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2022). Changes in mental illness stigma over 30 years - Improvement, persistence, or deterioration?. European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 65(1), e78. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2337