Proyecto Final Educación Superior Fluido

Arquitectura de la Computadora (Definición)

Computer architecture refers to the design and organization of its fundamental components (hardware and software) to work together. It defines how microprocessors, memory, input/output devices, and interrupts interact to efficiently execute instructions.

Autor/a: Juan Felipe Martinez Murcia Fecha 17-10-24

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iNdex

01: Microprocessors

03: Memory Hierarchy

02: Interrupts

05: Input/Output (I/O)

04: Virtual Memory

06: Definition of Computer and Types

01.Microprocessors

Definition:

History:Intel 4004 (1971): The first commercial 4-bit microprocessor. Intel 8086 (1978): Introduced the x86 architecture, still used in modern computers. ARM (1985): An energy-efficient architecture used in mobile devices.

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contains the central processing unit (CPU). It is responsible for executing instructions and managing logical and arithmetic operations.

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02. Interrupts

What are they?

• Types:
• Hardware interrupts: Generated by external devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse).
• Software interrupts: Generated by programs to request resources.
• Synchronous interrupts: Related to instruction execution (e.g., division by zero).
• Asynchronous interrupts: Independent of the current program (e.g., network data arrival).

Interrupts are signals that alter the normal execution flow of a processor, allowing it to respond to important events like input data or errors.

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03. Memory Hierarchy

What are they?

The memory hierarchy organizes different types of memory into levels to optimize performance and cost:

• Registers: The fastest memory, located within the processor.
• Cache: Small, fast memory between registers and RAM.
• RAM: Primary memory, volatile but fast.
• Hard drive or SSD: Persistent storage, slower than RAM.
• External storage: USB drives or networked storage.

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04. Virtual Memory

What are they?

Virtual memory allows a computer to use part of its disk storage as if it were RAM. This improves resource management when physical memory is insufficient, giving each process its own logical memory space.

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05. Input/Output (I/O)

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What are they?

Refers to the devices and methods that allow a computer to interact with its environment. Input devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone. Output devices: Monitor, printer, speakers. I/O devices: Touch screens, USB drives. Controllers: Manage communication between the processor and devices.

06. Definition of Computer and Types

Definition:

A computer is an electronic machine capable of processing data through programmed instructions.

Types: Supercomputers: High-performance machines used for scientific calculations. Mainframes: Used by large companies to manage massive databases.Personal computers (PCs): General-purpose machines for individual users. Laptops: Lightweight, portable devices. Embedded computers: Integrated into other devices, such as appliances or cars.

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tYPES

General-purpose microprocessors: Used in PCs and servers (e.g., Intel, AMD). Microcontrollers: Used in embedded systems, simpler than full CPUs. RISC processors: Simple and fast architecture (e.g., ARM processors). CISC processors: Complex architectures like x86.