Proyecto Final Educación Superior Fluido

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Computer architecture refers to the design and organization of its fundamental components (hardware and software) to work together. It defines how microprocessors, memory, input/output devices, and interrupts interact to efficiently execute instructions.

Arquitectura de la Computadora (Definición)

Autor/a: Juan Felipe Martinez MurciaFecha 17-10-24

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02: Interrupts

06: Definition of Computer and Types

04: Virtual Memory

03: Memory Hierarchy

01: Microprocessors

05: Input/Output (I/O)

History:Intel 4004 (1971): The first commercial 4-bit microprocessor. Intel 8086 (1978): Introduced the x86 architecture, still used in modern computers. ARM (1985): An energy-efficient architecture used in mobile devices.

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01.Microprocessors

Definition:

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contains the central processing unit (CPU). It is responsible for executing instructions and managing logical and arithmetic operations.

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02. Interrupts

What are they?

Interrupts are signals that alter the normal execution flow of a processor, allowing it to respond to important events like input data or errors.

• Types:
• Hardware interrupts: Generated by external devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse).
• Software interrupts: Generated by programs to request resources.
• Synchronous interrupts: Related to instruction execution (e.g., division by zero).
• Asynchronous interrupts: Independent of the current program (e.g., network data arrival).

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03. Memory Hierarchy

What are they?

The memory hierarchy organizes different types of memory into levels to optimize performance and cost:

• Registers: The fastest memory, located within the processor.
• Cache: Small, fast memory between registers and RAM.
• RAM: Primary memory, volatile but fast.
• Hard drive or SSD: Persistent storage, slower than RAM.
• External storage: USB drives or networked storage.

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04. Virtual Memory

What are they?

Virtual memory allows a computer to use part of its disk storage as if it were RAM. This improves resource management when physical memory is insufficient, giving each process its own logical memory space.

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05. Input/Output (I/O)

What are they?

Refers to the devices and methods that allow a computer to interact with its environment.Input devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone.Output devices: Monitor, printer, speakers.I/O devices: Touch screens, USB drives.Controllers: Manage communication between the processor and devices.

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Types: Supercomputers: High-performance machines used for scientific calculations. Mainframes: Used by large companies to manage massive databases.Personal computers (PCs): General-purpose machines for individual users.Laptops: Lightweight, portable devices. Embedded computers: Integrated into other devices, such as appliances or cars.

A computer is an electronic machine capable of processing data through programmed instructions.

06. Definition of Computer and Types

Definition:

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General-purpose microprocessors: Used in PCs and servers (e.g., Intel, AMD). Microcontrollers: Used in embedded systems, simpler than full CPUs. RISC processors: Simple and fast architecture (e.g., ARM processors). CISC processors: Complex architectures like x86.

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