Grave's Disease & Hashimoto's

University of Guyana College of Medical Sciences Grave's disease & Hashimoto thyroiditis

group members

Reha Adams -George 1029321

Trinella Roache 1048314

Xabisa Hamilton 1034584

Marissa Sylvain 1027694

TABLE OF CONTENTS

4. Signs & Symptoms

1.Introduction

2.Etiology

5. Diagnosis

3.Pathophysiology

6. Treatment and Prognosis

grave's disease

Grave's Disease

• Auto immune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism due to circulating IgG anitibodies: Thyroid - Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSIs).

• Most common cause of hyperthyroidism

• Occurs more frequently in women than in men

(Yeung, S.,2023), (Bhusal, K, 2023), (Schneider, A. et al (n.d.))

ETIOLOGY

• Graves disease is associated with decreased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) activity.

• Occurs when Thyroid-follicle TSH receptors are stimulated by TSI instead of TSH.

• Genetic component

• Can be precipitated by environmental factors

Outcome:

• the thyroid gland enlarges (goitre)

• the thyroid follicles increase synthesis of thyroid hormone

(Yeung, S.,2023), (Schneider, A. et al (n.d.))

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

He, Q. et al, 2022)

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

• Feeling nervous and irritable.

• Having a slight tremor of the hands or fingers.

• Being sensitive to heat with an increase in

sweating or warm, moist skin.

• Losing weight, despite wanting to eat more.

• Having an enlarged thyroid gland, also called goiter.

• Having changes in menstrual cycles.

• Having bulging eyes — a condition called thyroid eye disease or Graves' ophthalmopathy. (exophthalmos)

DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT

Diagnosis:

• Blood Test

• Radioactive Iodine Uptake

Treatment:

• Radioactive iodine therapy

• Anti-thyroid medicines

• Beta blockers

• Surgery

HASHIMOTO'STHYROIDITIS

HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS

Hashimoto's Disease Overview

• An autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid gland.

• Caused by immune system attacking healthy tissues.

• Leads to the death of thyroid's hormone-producing cells.

• Resulting in hypothyroidism.

• Commonly develops in middle-aged women.

ETIOLOGY

• Bulleted list
• Bulleted list

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

• Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness

• Joint pain and stiffness

• Irregular or excessive menstrual bleeding

• Depression

• Problems with memory or concentration

• Swelling of the thyroid (goiter)

• A puffy face

• Brittle nails

DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT

Diagnosis:

• A physical exam, medical history review

• Thyroid Function Testing

• Antibody Tests

Treatment:

• T-4 hormone replacement therapy

The diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis relies on the clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism with high TSH levels, and the occurrence of thyroid antibodies. About 15%–20% of patients with Graves' disease may develop spontaneous hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis after antithyroid drugs discontinuation

Questions

1. What is the primary cause of Graves' disease? a) Hypothyroidism b) Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid c) Excess iodine intake d) Overproduction of thyroid hormones due to an autoimmune attack 2. Which of the following is a common symptom of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis? a) Heat intolerance b) Weight loss c) Goiter and fatigue d) Bulging eyes

Questions

3. Which antibody is most often associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis? a) TSH receptor antibodies b) Anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies c) Antinuclear antibodies d) Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies 4. What is the typical treatment for Graves' disease? a) Insulin therapy b) Radioactive iodine, antithyroid drugs, or thyroid surgery c) Corticosteroids d) Antibiotics

REFERENCEs

• Bhusal, K (June 20th, 2023), Graves disease. Retrieved on October 9th, 2024 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448195/ Yeung, S. (January 4th, 2023), Graves disease. Retrieved on October 9th, 2024 from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-overview#a5

• Zero To Finals (6th March, 2019), Understanding hyperthyroidism and
• Graves disease. Retrieved on October 9th, 2024 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuwM6M5ohW4

• Schneider, A. et al (n.d.), BRS Pathology 5th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pg. 339.

• Mandal, A. (May 26th, 2023), Causes of Graves’ Disease. Retrieved on October 16th, 2024 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Graves-disease.aspx

• He, Q et al (4th April, 2022), New therapeutic Horizon of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism: Treatment regimens based on immunology and ingredients from traditional chinese medicine. Retrieved on October 17th, 2024 from
• https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.862831/full