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Upper Limb Muscles
Miranda
Created on October 17, 2024
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Upper Extremity (with Chest, Back, and SITS)
Back
action
latissimus dorsi
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Trapezius
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Levator Scapulae
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Rhomboid Major
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Rhomboid Minor
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Teres Major
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Serratus Anterior
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
Chest
action
Pectoralis Major
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Pectoralis Minor
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Subclavius
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
SITS
action
supraspinatus
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
infraspinatus
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
teres minor
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Subscapularis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Deltoid
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
Anterior Arm
action
biceps brachii
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
brachialis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
coracobrachialis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
Anterior Forearm
action
pronator teres
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Flexor Carpi Radialis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Palmaris Longus
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Flexor carpi ulnaris
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Flexor digitorum Profundus
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Flexor Pollicis Longus
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Pronator Quadratus
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
Posterior Arm
action
triceps brachii
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
Posterior Forearm
action
Anconeous
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Supinator
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Brachioradialis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Extensor carpi radialis longus
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Extensor Indicis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
extensor digitorum
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
extensor digiti minimi
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
extensor carpi ulnaris
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Abductor pollicis longus
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Extensor pollicis brevis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Extensor pollicis longus
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
Thenar Eminece
action
Abductor pollicis brevis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Flexor pollicis brevis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Opponens Pollicis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Adductor Pollicis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
Hypothenar Emenince
action
Abductor digiti minimi
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Flexor digit minimi brevis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Opponens digiti minimi
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Palmaris brevis
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
Deep hand
action
Lumbricals
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Palmar interosseous
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
action
Dorsal interosseous
innervation
Which muscle is this?
insertion
innervation
action
origin
base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the medial side of digits 1 & 2, and lateral side of digits 4 & 5
recurrent branch of the median nerve
elevates and depresses the scapula (depending on which part of the muscle contracts); rotates the scapula superiorly; retracts scapula
extends the wrist; abducts the hand (radial deviation)
long thoracic nerve (from ventral rami C5-C7)
extend and medially rotate arm
base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion on lateral side of the 2nd digit, lateral & medial sides of the 3rd digit, and medial side of the 4th digit
middle one-third of the posterior surface of the radius, interosseous membrane, mid-portion of posterolateral ulna
dorsal scapular nerve (C5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches of C3 & C4
flexor retinaculum, trapezium
flexes the elbow, assists in pronation & supination
extends the wrist; abducts the hand (radial deviation)
medial side of the base of the 5th metacarpal
superficial br. of the ulnar n.
infraspinatous fossa
median nerve
greater tubercle of the humerus (lowest facet)
nerve to anconeus, from the radial nerve
extends the wrist; adducts the hand (ulnar deviation)
flexes the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb
Thoracodorsal nerve (C7,8)
elevates and depresses the scapula (depending on which part of the muscle contracts); rotates the scapula superiorly; retracts scapula
base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula
extends the wrist; abducts the hand (radial deviation)
medial side of the humerus at mid-shaft
midpoint of the lateral side of the shaft of the radius
shafts of the middle phalanges of digits 2-5
abducts the thumb at carpometacarpal joint
Musculocutaneous (C5, C6)
lower subscapular nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
radial nerve
SH:Coracoid process LH:Supraglenoid tubercle
dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
flexor digitorum profundus tendons of digits 2-5
humeroulnar head: common flexor tendon; radial head: middle 1/3 of radius
draws the skin of the ulnar side of the hand toward the center of the palm
anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane
medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula
extends the index finger at the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints
vertebral spines from T7 to the sacrum, posterior third of the iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs, sometimes from the inferior angle of the scapula
flexes the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints
lateral epicondyle of the humerus, supinator crest & fossa of the ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament
it draws the scapula forward; the inferior fibers rotate the scapula superiorly (pro/retraction)
crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus
pronates the forearm
common extensor tendon & the middle one-half of the posterior border of the ulna
crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus
common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of humerus)
hook of hamate & the flexor retinaculum
lesser tubercle of the humerus
long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula lateral head: posterolateral humerus & lateral intermuscular septum (above radial groove medial head: posteromedial surface of the inferior 1/2 of the humerus (below radial groove)
oblique head: capitate and base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals; transverse head: shaft of the 3rd metacarpal
medial border of the scapula on its costal (deep) surface
extends the forearm; the long head extends and adducts arm
abducts arm; anterior fibers flex & medially rotate the arm; posterior fibers extend & laterally rotate the arm
median nerve
radial nerve
suprascapular nerve (C5,6) from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus
deep radial nerve
medial side of the humerus at mid-shaft
coracoid process of the scapula
lower subscapular nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
humeroulnar head: common flexor tendon; radial head: middle 1/3 of radius
extends the thumb at the interphalangeal joint
common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of the humerus)
recurrent branch of median nerve
radial nerve
interosseous membrane and middle part of the posterolateral surface of the ulna
abducts the thumb at carpometacarpal joint
midpoint of the lateral side of the shaft of the radius
proximal phalanx of the 5th digit
radial nerve
Middle:Spinous process of C7-T4
ribs 1-8 or 9
proximal phalanx of the 5th digit
ulnar nerve, deep branch
medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine
vertebral spines from T7 to the sacrum, posterior third of the iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs, sometimes from the inferior angle of the scapula
common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of the humerus)
lateral epicondyle of the humerus
extends the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the 5th digit
laterally rotates the arm, when abducted to 90
median nerve (radial one-half); ulnar nerve (ulnar one-half)
medial side of the anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the ulna
medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1)
draws the clavicle (and hence the shoulder) down and forward
laterally rotates the arm, when abducted to 90
radial nerve
suprascapular nerve (C5,6) from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus
hook of hamate & the flexor retinaculum
deep radial nerve
recurrent branch of median nerve
ulnar nerve, deep branch
deep branch of the ulnar nerve
Lower:spinous process of T4-T12
proximal phalanx of the 1st digit
common flexor tendon, from the medial epicondyle of the humerus
common flexor tendon & (ulnar head) from medial border of olecranon & upper 2/3 of the posterior border of the ulna
interosseous membrane and middle part of the posterolateral surface of the ulna
flexes the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints
flexes wrist, adducts hand (ulnar deviation)
median nerve (radial one-half); ulnar nerve (ulnar one-half)
deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
supinates the forearm
coracoid process of the scapula
suprascapular nerve
deep radial nerve
subscapular fossa
proximal phalanx of the 1st digit
skin of the palm near the ulnar border of the hand
median nerve (radial 2) via palmar digital nerves & ulnar nerve (ulnar 2) via deep branch
interosseous membrane and the posterolateral surface of the distal ulna
interosseous membrane and the posterior surface of the distal radius
radial side of the base of the first metacarpal
joins the extensor digitorum tendon to the 5th digit and inserts into the extensor expansion
olecranon process of the ulna
motor: spinal accessory (XI), proprioception: C3-C4
lateral side of the olecranon and the upper one-fourth of the ulna
base of the distal phalanx of digits 2-5
extends the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint
shafts of the middle phalanges of digits 2-5
motor: spinal accessory (XI), proprioception: C3-C4
flexes the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the 5th digit
flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium
ulnar nerve, deep branch
shaft of 5th metacarpal
deep radial nerve
dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
lateral side of proximal one-third of the radius
flex MCP joint, extend PIP and DIP joints of digits 2-4, abduct digits 2-4 (abduction of digits in the hand is defined as movement away from the midline of the 3rd digit)
palmar aponeurosis
dorsum of the third metacarpal bone (base)
axillary nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
anterior surface of the lower one-half of the humerus and the associated intermuscular septa
extends the forearm; the long head extends and adducts arm
deep radial nerve
lateral head: posterolateral humerus & lateral intermuscular septum (above radial groove
fascia overlying the hypothenar eminence
common flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus
extensor expansion of digits 2-5
common extensor tendon & the middle one-half of the posterior border of the ulna
median nerve
medial border of the scapula on its costal (deep) surface
flexor retinaculum, trapezium
extends the forearm
median nerve
Upper: lateral third of the clavicle, Middle: medial side of the acromion Lower:spine of the scapula
deep branch of the ulnar nerve
radial nerve
base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the medial side of digits 1 & 2, and lateral side of digits 4 & 5
medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1)
median nerve via the anterior interosseous nerve
common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of humerus)
lateral side of the olecranon and the upper one-fourth of the ulna
Musculocutaneous C5, C6
four muscles, each arising from two adjacent metacarpal shafts
recurrent branch of the median nerve
ribs 3-5
nerve to anconeus, from the radial nerve
greater tubercle of the humerus (middle facet)
joins the extensor digitorum tendon to the 5th digit and inserts into the extensor expansion
medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
medial side of the humerus at mid-shaft
LH: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
interosseous membrane and the posterolateral surface of the distal ulna
subscapular fossa
flexes the forearm, flexes arm (long head), supinates
four muscles, each arising from two adjacent metacarpal shafts
LH: Supraglenoid tubercle
deep radial nerve
medial side of the humerus at mid-shaft
pisiform
base of the distal phalanx of digits 2-5
ulnar nerve
ulnar nerve, deep branch
anterior surface of radius and interosseous membran
flexes the forearm, flexes arm (long head), supinates
deep radial nerve
lateral epicondyle of the humerus, supinator crest & fossa of the ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament
base of the second and third metacarpals
dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
ribs 3-5
nerve to subclavius (C5)
medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula
anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the radius
dorsal scapular nerve (C5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches of C3 & C4
base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
shaft of 1st metacarpal
medial head: posteromedial surface of the inferior 1/2 of the humerus (below radial groove)
common flexor tendon, from the medial epicondyle of the humerus
retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly
Radial Tuberosity
median nerve
extends the wrist; abducts the hand (radial deviation)
flexes the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the 5th digit
Flexes forearm
deep radial nerve
deep radial nerve
deep radial nerve
flexes MCPs, extends PIP and DIP joints and adducts digits 1, 2, 4, & 5 (adduction of the digits of the hand is in reference to the midline of the 3rd digit)
base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
lateral epicondyle of the humerus
upper 2/3 of the lateral border of the scapula
flexes the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the thumb
it draws the scapula forward; the inferior fibers rotate the scapula superiorly (pro/retraction)
flexes the forearm, flexes arm (long head), supinates
median nerve
adducts the thumb
supinates the forearm
deep radial nerve
base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion on lateral side of the 2nd digit, lateral & medial sides of the 3rd digit, and medial side of the 4th digit
ulnar nerve, deep branch
elevates the scapula
inferior end of the ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1
dorsum of the second metacarpal bone (base)
extends the wrist; adducts the hand (ulnar deviation)
flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium
greater tubercle of the humerus (highest facet)
flexes the wrist, abducts the hand (radial deviation)
opposes the thumb
base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
common flexor tendon and (deep or ulnar head) coronoid process of the ulna
upper two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
common flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus
common flexor tendon and (deep or ulnar head) coronoid process of the ulna
axillary nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
Radial tuberosity
retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly
median nerve
flex MCP joint, extend PIP and DIP joints of digits 2-4, abduct digits 2-4 (abduction of digits in the hand is defined as movement away from the midline of the 3rd digit)
flexor retinaculum, trapezium
superficial br. of the ulnar n.
flexes and adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm
posterior border of the ulna, proximal two-thirds of medial border of ulna, interosseous membrane
inferior surface of the clavicle
flexes the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints
medial 1/2 of the clavicle, manubrium & body of sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 2-6, sometimes from the rectus sheath of the upper abdominal wall
recurrent branch of median nerve
fascia overlying the hypothenar eminence
adducts the thumb
SH:coronoid process
Median nerve C5,T1
radial nerve, deep branch
adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm, assists in arm extension (lats little helper)
abducts thumb
ulnar nerve, deep branch
flex the metacarpophalangeal joints, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5
skin of the palm near the ulnar border of the hand
flexes the wrist, abducts the hand (radial deviation)
flexor digitorum profundus tendons of digits 2-5
abducts arm; anterior fibers flex & medially rotate the arm; posterior fibers extend & laterally rotate the arm
extensor expansion of digits 2-5
flexes the forearm
posterior border of the ulna, proximal two-thirds of medial border of ulna, interosseous membrane
base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit on its ulnar side
Musculocutaneous (C5, C6)
retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly
extends the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the 2nd-5th digits; extends wrist
upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5,6)
nerve to subclavius (C5)
medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine
axillary nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
abducts the 5th digit
medial side of the anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the ulna
extends the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the 2nd-5th digits; extends wrist
abducts the arm (initiates abduction)
lower one-third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
upper 2/3 of the lateral border of the scapula
deep radial nerve
dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
spines of vertebrae T2-T5
lower one-third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
coronoid process of the ulna
common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of the humerus)
base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
extensor expansion on the radial side of the proximal phalanx of digits 2-5
its tendon joins the tendon of the extensor digitorum to the second digit; both tendons insert into the extensor expansion
radial nerve
Upper: External Occipital Protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7
inferior surface of the clavicle
upper two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
dorsum of the third metacarpal bone (base)
flexor retinaculum, trapezium
laterally rotates the arm, when adducted
medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
lesser tubercle of the humerus
medial side of the base of the 5th metacarpal
flexes the wrist, tense palmar aponeurosis
axillary nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
median nerve via the anterior interosseous nerve
palmar aponeurosis
medial border of the scapula inferior to the spine of the scapula
pisiform, hook of hamate, and base of 5th metacarpal
radial nerve
first rib and its cartilage
base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
ulnar nerve, deep branch
coracoid process of the scapula
pronates the forearm
base of the proximal phalanx of the first digit
flexes the wrist, tense palmar aponeurosis
extends the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint
dorsum of the second metacarpal bone (base)
supraspinatous fossa
four muscles, arising from the palmar surface of the shafts of metacarpals 1, 2, 4, & 5 (the 1st palmar interosseous is often fused with the adductor pollicis m.)
abducts the arm (initiates abduction)
olecranon process of the ulna
abducts the 5th digit
recurrent branch of median nerve
suprascapular nerve
common flexor tendon & (ulnar head) from medial border of olecranon & upper 2/3 of the posterior border of the ulna
deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
Musculocutaneous (C5, C6)
middle one-third of the posterior surface of the radius, interosseous membrane, mid-portion of posterolateral ulna
lateral side of the base of the styloid process of the radius
shaft of 1st metacarpal
pronates the forearm
hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum
draws the scapula forward, medialward, and downward
Upper: lateral third of the clavicle, Middle: medial side of the acromion Lower:spine of the scapula
extensor expansion on the radial side of the proximal phalanx of digits 2-5
deep radial nerve
flexes wrist, adducts hand (ulnar deviation)
opposes the 5th digit
Anterior:lateral one-third of the clavicle Middle:acromion lower:spine of the scapula
ulnar nerve, deep branch
draws the clavicle (and hence the shoulder) down and forward
abducts thumb
shaft of 5th metacarpal
Musculocutaneous C5, C6
floor of the intertubercular groove
laterally rotates the arm, when adducted
extends the forearm
lateral side of the base of the styloid process of the radius
oblique head: capitate and base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals; transverse head: shaft of the 3rd metacarpal
ulnar nerve, deep branch
ulnar nerve
deep radial nerve
medial side of the humerus at mid-shaft
extends the thumb at the interphalangeal joint
flex the metacarpophalangeal joints, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5
Median nerve
adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm, assists in arm extension (lats little helper)
dorsal surface of the inferior angle of the scapula
thoracodorsal nerve (C7,8)
flexes the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb
flexes the elbow, assists in pronation & supination
infraspinatous fossa
retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly
long thoracic nerve (from ventral rami C5-C7)
base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5,6)
supraspinatous fossa
flexes the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints
draws the scapula forward, medialward, and downward
base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
extend and medially rotate arm
lateral side of proximal one-third of the radius
medial side of the humerus at mid-shaft
four muscles, arising from the palmar surface of the shafts of metacarpals 1, 2, 4, & 5 (the 1st palmar interosseous is often fused with the adductor pollicis m.)
anterior surface of the lower one-half of the humerus and the associated intermuscular septa
pronates the forearm
radial nerve, deep branch
elevates the scapula
base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit on its ulnar side
its tendon joins the tendon of the extensor digitorum to the second digit; both tendons insert into the extensor expansion
draws the skin of the ulnar side of the hand toward the center of the palm
coronoid process of the ulna
inferior end of the ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1
spines of vertebrae T2-T5
radial side of the base of the first metacarpal
medial 1/2 of the clavicle, manubrium & body of sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 2-6, sometimes from the rectus sheath of the upper abdominal wall
greater tubercle of the humerus (highest facet)
flexes and adducts the arm
transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
flexes and adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm
common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of the humerus)
crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus
extends the index finger at the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints
Musculocutaneous C5, C6
Anterior:lateral one-third of the clavicleMiddle:acromion lower: spine of the scapula
floor of the intertubercular groove
flexes and adducts the arm
base of the proximal phalanx of the first digit
medially rotates the arm; assists extention of the arm
median nerve
opposes the 5th digit
dorsal surface of the inferior angle of the scapula
ribs 1-8 or 9
flexes MCPs, extends PIP and DIP joints and adducts digits 1, 2, 4, & 5 (adduction of the digits of the hand is in reference to the midline of the 3rd digit)
opposes the thumb
Upper: External Occipital Protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7 Middle- Spinous process of C7-T4 Lower- Spinous process of T4-T12
extends the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the 5th digit
coracoid process of the scapula
anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the radius
interosseous membrane and the posterior surface of the distal radius
ulnar nerve, deep branch
medial border of the scapula inferior to the spine of the scapula
pisiform
medially rotates the arm; assists extention of the arm
hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum