UNIVERSE PRESENTATION

FROM NEWTON TO HAWKING

GABRIELE CIAFREI AND GIORGIO STANZIALE

A NEW VISION OF THE UNIVERSE

INDEX

CONCLUSION

STEPHEN HAWKING

ALBERT EINSTEIN

ISAAC NEWTON

INTRODUCTION

Over the centuries, humanity has always tried to understand the universe and its functioning. Isaac Newton laid the foundations of modern physics with his laws of motion and theory of gravity, giving us a picture of an ordered and mechanical universe, governed by immutable laws. However, over the course of the 20th century, thanks to scientists such as Albert Einstein and, later, Stephen Hawking, this view evolved. Discoveries about relativity, black holes and the expansion of the universe have revealed a much more complicated reality.

INTRODUCTION

Isaac Newton is considered one of the greatest scientists in history, and his contribution to physics marked a fundamental turning point in the understanding of the universe. *

ISAAC NEWTON

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Albert Einstein revolutionized physics with his theories of relativity, transforming our way of conceiving time, space and gravity.

ALBERT EINSTEIN

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Stephen Hawking has contributed significantly to cosmology and the study of black holes. Black holes and Hawking radiation * Hawking Radiation: In 1974, Hawking discovered that black holes emit radiation and can evaporate, linking quantum physics to general relativity. * Black hole entropy: Black holes have a temperature and entropy related to the surface of the event horizon. Origin of the universe * Singularities and the Big Bang: Hawking demonstrated that the universe could have been born from a singularity during the Big Bang. * Boundaryless Model: Proposed that the universe is finite but without boundaries in space and time. Scientific impact * Unification of physics: He attempted to unite relativity and quantum mechanics, an important step towards a unified theory. * Disclosure: His book "A Brief History of Time" made complex physics concepts accessible to the general public.

stephen hawking

CONCLUSION

-Dark matter and dark energy: 95% of the universe is made up of dark matter and dark energy, invisible components that influence the expansion and structure of the cosmos. -Quantum gravity: Modern theories, such as string theory and loop quantum gravity, attempt to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics. -Multiverse: Some scientists hypothesize the existence of a multiverse, with parallel universes where the laws of physics may be different. _New technologies: Instruments like the James Webb Telescope and gravitational wave observatories are providing new information about galaxies, exoplanets, and black holes.

The theories of Newton, Einstein and Hawking have transformed our understanding of the cosmos, but research continues to expand the boundaries of modern physics and cosmology. Today, new discoveries are further changing our view of the universe.

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.Special Theory of Relativity (1905) Constancy of the speed of light: The speed of light is always constant, regardless of the motion of the observer. Relativity of time and space: Time and space are relative; time slows down and space contracts for fast-moving objects. E=mc²: Mass and energy are equivalent, and a small amount of mass can generate a large amount of energy.

Q.Effects on astronomy Expansion of the Universe: General relativity provided the theoretical basis for the expansion of the universe, discovered by Edwin Hubble. Dynamic vision of the cosmos: Einstein described an evolving, non-static universe, where space, time and gravity constantly interact.

General Theory of Relativity (1915) Gravity as curvature of space-time: Gravity is not a force, but a deformation of space-time caused by mass. Prediction of black holes and gravitational waves: Einstein's theory predicted the existence of black holes and gravitational waves, both of which were later confirmed.