Additional task

By Palygin Artyom, 516

The set of case studies I had to conduct

Organisations in Science Which Work Only in English

• English is the global lingua franca of science.
• Standardisation in communication fosters efficient collaboration.
• Over 90% of scientific publications are in English.

Why English Dominates in Scientific Organisations?

Reasons

• Global Reach: Facilitates partnerships across continents.
• Knowledge Sharing: Uniformity in language enhances understanding.
• Historical Context: Post-WWII emergence of the US and UK as research leaders.

Key Reasons for Using English

• NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration): US-based space exploration.
• CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research): Uses English for official documentation.
• WHO (World Health Organization): Adopts English as its primary working language.

Notable Organisations Operating in English

Multinational staff communicate in English.

Ensures collaboration among 23 member states.

Research papers and projects are exclusively in English.

CERN's English-Only Policy

• Exclusion of Non-English Speakers: Barriers for non-fluent scientists.
• Cultural Homogenisation: Loss of diversity in perspectives.
• Learning Curve: Additional effort for non-native speakers.

Challenges of English-Only Policies

• Efficiency: Reduces miscommunication.
• Access to Resources: Easier dissemination of findings.
• Inclusivity: Brings together experts worldwide under one language.

Benefits of Using English

• Education: Influence on curricula globally.
• Media and Communication: Science journalism predominantly in English.
• Policy-Making: English as the language of diplomacy in science-driven policy.

Broader Implications Impact Beyond Science

Increasing advocacy for language equity in science.

Growth of multilingualism in global collaborations.

Rise of machine translation may reduce reliance on English.

Evolving Trends in Language Use

Reviewing Academic Journals Worldwide Published Entirely in English

• Academic journals are a critical platform for sharing scientific knowledge.
• English dominates as the primary language for scholarly publishing worldwide.
• This review explores the benefits, drawbacks, and global implications of English-only publications.

Exploring Trends, Impacts, and Challenges of English-Only Academic Publishing

• Nature (UK): A top-tier journal for multidisciplinary scientific research.
• The Lancet (UK): Leading medical research journal.
• Science (USA): Publishes cutting-edge scientific breakthroughs.
• Many regional journals have transitioned to English for wider reach, e.g., Asian Journal of Science and Technology.

Examples of Major English-Only Academic Journals

• Global Accessibility: Readers from all nations can engage with research findings.
• Unified Knowledge Base: Facilitates cross-border collaborations and shared understanding.
• Higher Impact: English-language papers are cited more often, amplifying their reach.
• Economic Opportunities: Attracts a larger audience, increasing journal subscriptions and funding opportunities.

Benefits of English-Only Publishing

• Exclusion of Non-English Speakers: Limits contributions from researchers not proficient in English.
• Knowledge Silos: Local research published in native languages often gets overlooked.
• Cost of Translation: High cost of professional editing and translation services for non-native authors.
• Cultural Bias: Overemphasis on English-speaking perspectives may marginalize diverse views.

Barriers and Criticism of English-Only Publishing

Asia and Europe: Adapting rapidly, but regional languages face declining academic use.

Global South: Researchers often face financial and linguistic barriers to publication.

Global North: English-speaking countries dominate, reinforcing their academic influence.

Evolving Trends in Language Use

• Example: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research transitioned to English for greater global reach.
• Result: Increased international citations and wider readership.
• Challenge: Alienation of local researchers unable to publish in English.

Examining Local Journals Going Global

• Language Equity: Ensuring researchers from all linguistic backgrounds have equal access.
• Cultural Representation: Preserving and promoting diverse academic perspectives.
• Economic Accessibility: Reducing costs for editing, translation, and submission.

Ethical Considerations in English-Only Publishing

Standardised Terminology and Phrasing in Global English

From “Airspeak” to “Police Speak” – The Power of Clear Communication

• Standardised English enables clarity and precision in high-stakes scenarios.
• Fields like aviation, policing, and maritime operations rely on it to minimise miscommunication.
• This presentation examines key examples, their impact, and challenges.

The Role of Standardised Language in Communication

• Consistency: Avoids ambiguity in critical situations.
• Efficiency: Speeds up communication by removing linguistic guesswork.
• Safety: Reduces the risk of misinterpretation in life-or-death scenarios.
• Globalisation: Essential for international operations across diverse cultures.

Purpose of Uniform Language Systems

• Developed by ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization).
• Used universally between pilots and air traffic controllers.
• Features: Precise vocabulary, predefined phrases (e.g., “Roger that,” “Mayday”).
• Impact: Prevents accidents caused by linguistic misunderstandings.

Aviation’s Lifeline: Airspeak

• Designed for accurate reporting and swift response coordination.
• Key components:

10-Codes: Short phrases for common situations (e.g., “10-4” for acknowledgment).Phonetic Alphabet: Spelling clarity (e.g., “Alpha” for “A,” “Bravo” for “B”).

• Impact: Reduces errors in fast-paced, high-pressure environments.

Standardised Communication in Policing

• Precision: Eliminates vagueness in critical instructions.
• Speed: Reduces time spent clarifying information.
• Multicultural Compatibility: Ensures understanding despite diverse linguistic backgrounds.
• Uniform Training: Allows for global consistency in procedures.

Why These Systems Work

Over-Reliance: Can hinder adaptability in unpredictable situations.

Evolving Jargon: Terminologies must adapt to new technologies and contexts.

Training Barriers: Non-native speakers may require extensive practice.

Cultural Resistance: May conflict with local languages or customs.

Where They Struggle

Incorporating new terms as technology evolves (e.g., drones in aviation).

Integration with real-time translation tools for non-standard situations.

Growing reliance on AI and voice-recognition systems for assistance.

How These Systems Adapt to Change

• Event: US Airways Flight 1549 emergency landing on the Hudson River.
• Key role of Airspeak:

Pilot’s clear communication with air traffic control.Standardised terminology helped convey urgency without delay.

• Outcome: All 155 passengers survived.

"Miracle on the Hudson" (2009)

• AI and natural language processing will improve flexibility without compromising clarity.
• Enhanced accessibility for non-native speakers through augmented reality tools.
• Hybrid models blending standardised phrases with multilingual frameworks.

The Future of Standardised English Terminologies

Exploring the Works of Joseph Conrad, James Ene Henshaw, and Salman Rushdie

English as a Global Literary Language

Joseph Conrad

Background: Born in Poland as Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, learned English as a third language.Notable Works: Heart of Darkness, Lord Jim, Nostromo.Impact on Literature:

• Explored themes of colonialism and moral ambiguity.
• Transformed English prose with a unique, non-native stylistic lens.
• Quote: “We live, as we dream – alone.” (Heart of Darkness)

The Foreigner Who Mastered English Literature

• Infused English literature with European sensibilities and psychological depth.
• Demonstrated how English could be used to critique imperialism from an outsider’s perspective.
• Inspired generations of writers to use English to navigate complex global issues.

Contribution to English as a Global Literary Language

James Ene Henshaw

Background: Nigerian playwright and medical doctor.Notable Works: This is Our Chance, Children of the Goddess.Impact on Literature:

• Focused on African traditions, societal change, and post-colonial identity.
• Used English to bridge local African stories with a global audience.
• Quote: “It is not the gods who destroy us; it is we who fail ourselves.”

Bringing African Stories to the World Through English

• Utilised English to preserve African oral traditions in written form.
• Highlighted the tension between modernisation and tradition in post-colonial societies.
• Showed how English could serve as a vehicle for cultural preservation and activism.

Amplifying African Voices in English

Ahmed Salman Rushdie

Background: Born in Bombay, India; educated in the UK.Notable Works: Midnight’s Children, The Satanic Verses, The Moor’s Last Sigh.Impact on Literature:

• Explored themes of identity, migration, and political conflict.
• Mastered “magic realism” in English, blending myth and history.
• Quote: “To understand just one life, you have to swallow the world.” (Midnight’s Children)

The Cosmopolitan Storyteller

• Used English to navigate multicultural identities and the diasporic experience.
• Pushed boundaries of narrative style, combining Eastern storytelling traditions with Western forms.
• Sparked debates on freedom of expression and the role of literature in global politics.

Amplifying African Voices in English

• Cultural Translation: Used English to bridge their native cultures and global readers.
• Themes of Identity: Explored the intersection of personal, national, and global identities.
• Innovative Style: Transformed English literature with unique voices and storytelling techniques.
• Global Reach: Elevated non-Western perspectives in a predominantly Western literary space.

Common Threads Among the Three Writers

Authenticity: Balancing authenticity with global accessibility is an ongoing challenge.

Political Backlash: Rushdie faced threats for The Satanic Verses.

Language Mastery: Non-native writers often face linguistic hurdles and criticism.

Cultural Misrepresentation: Risk of simplifying their native cultures for Western audiences.

Barriers Faced by Non-Native English Writers

The Role of English in Multinational Companies like KONE, Siemens AG, and TechComp

English as the Corporate Language in Business

• Uniformity: Eliminates confusion across multilingual teams.
• Global Reach: Facilitates communication with clients, partners, and stakeholders worldwide.
• Efficiency: Reduces time spent translating and interpreting across languages.
• Brand Image: Positions companies as international and inclusive.

Why Corporations Choose English as Their Lingua Franca

Overview: Finnish elevator and escalator manufacturer with operations in over 60 countries.Language Policy: English adopted as the official corporate language in 2001.Benefits:

• Unified communication across regions.
• Simplified employee training and knowledge sharing.
• Enhanced customer relationships in global markets.

KONE Corporation

Overview: German industrial manufacturing giant operating in over 190 countries.Language Policy: English as the official language for all international operations and reports.Benefits:

• Collaboration between engineers, developers, and executives worldwide.
• Efficient cross-border project management.
• Competitive edge in global markets through standardised communication.

Siemens AG

Overview: Hong Kong-based manufacturer of analytical instruments with a significant international presence.Language Policy: English used for international marketing, partnerships, and research.Benefits:

• Enabled expansion into European and North American markets.
• Streamlined integration with acquired foreign subsidiaries.
• Attracted global talent to maintain competitive growth.

TechComp Ltd.

• Employee Resistance: Non-native speakers may feel disadvantaged.
• Cost of Training: Language proficiency programs can be expensive.
• Cultural Loss: Risk of diluting regional identity and communication styles.
• Miscommunication Risks: Variations in proficiency can lead to errors in understanding.

Challenges of Using English as a Corporate Language

Language Training: Comprehensive programs for employees at all levels.

Cultural Sensitivity: Celebrate and integrate local cultures into corporate practices.

Tech Solutions: Use AI-powered tools for translation and language learning.

Strategies for Overcoming Challenges

Innovation: Encourages cross-pollination of ideas among diverse teams.

Talent Acquisition: Attracts employees who can work in a global environment.

Global Collaboration: Enables seamless teamwork across continents.

Broader Implications of English in Business