Genially sans titre

How insulin is produced and how it reaches target cells?

Endocrine signalling

INTRODUCTION

Pancreas - islet of langerhans

β-cells

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I/ INSULIN PRODUCTION

II/ INSULIN RELEASE

IV/ INSULIN'S ROLE IN TARGET CELLS

V/ DISEASES

3

III/ INSULIN TRAVELLING TO BLOOD VESSELS

1/ MYOCYTES 2/ ADIPOCYTES3/ HEPATOCYTES

1/ TYPE I DIABETES 2/ TYPE II DIABETES 3/ HYPERGLYCEMIA CONSEQUENCES

I/ Insulin Production

inside the b-cells of the islests of Langerhans

In Nucleus

In RER

In Golgi apparatus

Preproinsulin

Proinsulin

Insulin

Insulin contained in secretory granules

4

II/Insulin release

from the cell to the bloodstream

Depolarization

Glucose

Exocytosis

Glycolysis

Insulin contained in secretory granules

ATP

ATP sensitvite K+ channel inhibited

Ca2+ channel stimulated

Insulin

Glucose

Ca2+ions

GLUT 2 transporter

5

II/ Insulin release

Merocrine secretion

Vesicles containing insulin

6

Exocytosis

+

-

concentration gradient

III/ Insulin travelling to Blood Vessels

Insulin

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

Capillary

7

IV/ Insulin's role in target cells

MUSCLE tissue - adipose tissue - hepatic tissue

INSULIN

8

Insulin binding to its receptor

IV/ Insulin's role in target cells

9

IV.1/ INSULIN'S ROLE IN MYOCYTES

GLUT 4 Translocation in Muscle cells

10

IV.2/ INSULIN'S ROLE IN ADIPOCYTES

Fat Storage and Energy Release in fat cells

11

IV.3/ INSULIN'S ROLE IN HEPATOCYTES

Glycogenesis & Gluconeogenesis in the Liver

12

V/ DISEASES

1/ Type I Diabetes

13

V/ DISEASES

2/ Type II Diabetes

14

V/ DISEASES

3/ Hyperglycemia consequences

15

Nerve damage

T H A N K Y O U !

Ines Karoui - Sara Roudani - Jebryl Zaghdoudi - Mohamad Al Hindi

REFERENCES

Insulin's production - Fu Z, Gilbert ER, Liu D. Regulation of insulin synthesis and secretion and pancreatic Beta-cell dysfunction in diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2013 Jan 1;9(1):25-53. PMID: 22974359; PMCID: PMC3934755.Insulin's release - Fu Z, Gilbert ER, Liu D. Regulation of insulin synthesis and secretion and pancreatic Beta-cell dysfunction in diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2013 Jan 1;9(1):25-53. PMID: 22974359; PMCID: PMC3934755. Pivovarova O, Höhn A, Grune T, Pfeiffer AF, Rudovich N. Insulin-degrading enzyme:new therapeutic target for diabetes and Alzheimer's disease? Ann Med. 2016 Dec;48(8):614-624. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1197416. Epub 2016 Jun 19. PMID: 27320287. Insulin's role in target cells - Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W. Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Exp Mol Med. 2016 Mar 11;48(3):e219. doi: 10.1038/emm.2016.6. PMID: 26964835; PMCID: PMC4892884. Saltiel AR, Kahn CR. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipidmetabolism. Nature. 2001 Dec 13;414(6865):799-806. doi: 10.1038/414799a. PMID: 11742412.Diseases - De Felice FG. Alzheimer's disease and insulin resistance: translating basic science into clinical applications. J Clin Invest. 2013 Feb;123(2):531-9. doi: 10.1172/JCI64595. Epub 2013 Feb 1. PMID: 23485579; PMCID: PMC3561831. Gregor MF, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:415-45. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322. PMID: 21219177. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2017Jan 3;127(1):1-4. doi: 10.1172/JCI92035. Epub 2017 Jan 3. PMID: 28045402; PMCID: PMC5199709. Guo S. Insulin signaling, resistance, and the metabolic syndrome: insights from mouse models into diseasemechanisms. J Endocrinol. 2014 Jan 8;220(2):T1-T23. doi: 10.1530/JOE-13-0327. PMID: 24281010; PMCID: PMC4087161.Figures - Biorender, Servier Medical Art