Untitle

Industrial Civilisation:

Economy and society

Index

1. Introduction 2. When was the first Industrial revolution3. When was the second industrial revolution 4. Characteristics of the industrial revolution5. Transportation during the industrial revolution6. Economic effects in the society7. Social classes8. Burgeoise9. Democratic liberalism10. Bibliography

Historiographical landmarks like the Reformation and the French Revolution structure historical narratives and guide key research questions. Though rooted in real events, they have gained broader significance in shaping our understanding of history.

Introduction

When was the first Industrial Revolution?

First Industrial Revolution

-Began in the 1760s and ended around 1830-1840-It spread to the United States, Japan, Asia and other countries in Europe(France, Germany, Belgium etc.)-Caused economic, techological and social transformation-Primary energy sources: coal, waterpower and animal and human power-Type of Industries: Textile industry and Iron industry

When was the second Industrial Revolution?

-Began in the 1870s and ended in 1914s-More advanced techonologies and production than the first one-Caused industrial expansion, technological innovation and social transformation-Main energy sources: electricity, petroleum and coal-Type of Industries: Steel, Railroad and Transportation

One of the key features involved in the Industrial Revolution was technological, included the following ones:

Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution:

-The use of new energy sources: (eg: (steam engine, electricity, petroleum and the internal-combustion engine)

-The use of new basic materials (eg: coal, wood, iron, etc)

-The invention of new machines (eg: Spinning Jenny, steam engine, etc)

Transportation During the Industrial Revolution:

The transportation was especially important in the industrial revolution, it was helpful because it was easier to transport goods, people and raw material.

-Richard Trevithick created a steam-powered locomotive-In the latest 1800s similar locomotives started transporting cargo and passengers-Steam-powered boats and ships began to be used-Communication started having access to postal services, newspapers, railways and canals-The transportation on the Industrial Revolution made a lot of impacts

Economic effects in the society

-Industrial grown and Mass production The introduction of machinery -Urbanization -Economic change impulsioned by western Europe

Social classes

• Three new social classes-

• The working class;
• the middle class;
• the super wealthy;

The bourgeoisie

• The bourgeoisie gained prominence during the Industrial Revolution through property ownership and the desire to increase its value. • Initially revolutionary, especially in France, they sought political influence and change after the breakdown of royal power. • Over time, the bourgeoisie became defenders of the status quo, adopting conservative and puritan values to protect their social position.

Democratic liberalism

• The workers conditions
• Humanitarism
• The democratic liberalism
• Some authoritarian states still remained
• Europe was the biggest economic potency with the USA just behind
• Economic rilvary in Europe

• Historical records are often incomplete, requiring historians to piece together narratives from limited sources, which can result in different interpretations. • The societal and cultural context in which history is written can shape narratives, causing them to evolve as new evidence emerges or perspectives shift. • Historians use hypotheses, approaches that can relate to more than one topic, and critical analysis of sources to fill gaps and create a more detailed understanding of the past.

To what extent can we consider historical knowledge to be certain or true?

Video:

https://youtu.be/xLhNP0qp38Q?si=2vZe_SfaCGco60qV

Bibliography

• https://www.the-map-as-history.com/timeline/Europe-19th-20th-century/
• https://nonprofitquarterly.org/unpacking-the-us-aristocracy-inside-americas-wealthiest-50-families/
• https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/bourgeoisie
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/industrial-society-an-overview
• https://www.britannica.com/topics/industrial-revalution/history,dates,summary
• https://www.britannica.com/topics/the-industrial-revolution/history-of-europe

• https://www.oxfordacademic.com/topics/the-industrial-revolution/global-history
• https://www.history.com/topic/the-journal-of-economic-history-volume-54-(june 1994)