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Created on October 7, 2024

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Transcript

The stages of normalisation

Hammad and Nithush

Unit 2

Btec IT

Copyright © Hammad Choudhry

Copyright © Hammad Choudhry

Normalisation involves dividing large tables into smaller, more manageable tables and defining relationships between them to ensure data consistency and efficiency. Entity relationship diagrams identify entities and their different relationships. This allows users to easily locate data.

What is normalisation

Unit 2

Btec IT

Copyright © Hammad Choudhry

Definition

purposes of 1nf

  • Eliminate Repeating Groups: Split data into smaller tables so that there are no repeated groups or multiple values in a single cell.
  • Ensure Each Column Holds Only One Value: Each column must contain only one value (e.g., no lists or arrays).
  • Identify a Primary Key: Ensure every table has a primary key that uniquely identifies each row.

The first stage of normalization, called First Normal Form (1NF), ensures that a table's structure is organized so that each column contains only atomic values and each row is unique.

Stage 1

1st Normal form

Unit 2

Btec IT

Copyright © Hammad Choudhry

Definition

purposes of 1nf

  • Eliminate Repeating Groups: Split data into smaller tables so that there are no repeated groups or multiple values in a single cell.
  • Ensure Each Column Holds Only One Value: Each column must contain only one value (e.g., no lists or arrays).
  • Identify a Primary Key: Ensure every table has a primary key that uniquely identifies each row.

The first stage of normalization, called First Normal Form (1NF), ensures that a table's structure is organized so that each column contains only atomic values and each row is unique.

Stage 1

1st Normal form

Unit 2

Btec IT

Copyright © Hammad Choudhry

  • Remove partial dependencies: If a table has a composite primary key, make sure that non-key attributes are dependent on the entire key, not just part of it.
  • create separate tables for different fields: Split the table into multiple tables to ensure non-key columns are linked only to the complete primary key.

purposes of 2NF

Definition

Second Normal Form (2NF), builds on 1NF by ensuring that all non-key attributes are fully dependent on the primary key. 2NF checks if any 1NF data needs a composite key. If a composite key is needed, the data is moved to a different table.

Stage 2

2nd Normal form

Unit 2

Btec IT

  • Remove Transitive Dependencies: Ensure that non-key attributes do not depend on other non-key attributes.
  • Direct Dependence on the Primary Key: Every non-key attribute should be directly dependent on the primary key only.
  • Any keys that are dependant to a different field should be moved to a different table

Copyright © Hammad Choudhry

Third Normal Form (3NF) aims to further eliminate redundancy and dependancies by ensuring that all non-key attributes are only dependent on the primary key.

Purposes of 3nf

Definition

Final stage

3rd Normal Form

Unit 2

Btec IT

Copyright © Hammad Choudhry

Thank you

Unit 2

Btec IT

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  • Let the communication flow!

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Use this space to add awesome interactivity. Include text, images, videos, tables, PDFs... even interactive questions! Premium tip: Get information on how your audience interacts with your creation:

  • Visit the Analytics settings;
  • Activate user tracking;
  • Let the communication flow!

Got an idea?

Use this space to add awesome interactivity. Include text, images, videos, tables, PDFs... even interactive questions! Premium tip: Get information on how your audience interacts with your creation:

  • Visit the Analytics settings;
  • Activate user tracking;
  • Let the communication flow!

Got an idea?

Let the communication flow!

With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.

  • Generate experiences with your content.
  • It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
  • Make sure your audience remembers the message.

Got an idea?

Let the communication flow!

With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.

  • Generate experiences with your content.
  • It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
  • Make sure your audience remembers the message.

Got an idea?

Let the communication flow!

With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.

  • Generate experiences with your content.
  • It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
  • Make sure your audience remembers the message.

Got an idea?

Let the communication flow!

With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.

  • Generate experiences with your content.
  • It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
  • Make sure your audience remembers the message.

Got an idea?

Let the communication flow!

With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.

  • Generate experiences with your content.
  • It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
  • Make sure your audience remembers the message.

Got an idea?

Use this space to add awesome interactivity. Include text, images, videos, tables, PDFs... even interactive questions! Premium tip: Get information on how your audience interacts with your creation:

  • Visit the Analytics settings;
  • Activate user tracking;
  • Let the communication flow!

Got an idea?

Let the communication flow!

With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.

  • Generate experiences with your content.
  • It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
  • Make sure your audience remembers the message.

Got an idea?

Let the communication flow!

With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.

  • Generate experiences with your content.
  • It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
  • Make sure your audience remembers the message.

Got an idea?

Let the communication flow!

With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.

  • Generate experiences with your content.
  • It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
  • Make sure your audience remembers the message.

Got an idea?

Let the communication flow!

With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.

  • Generate experiences with your content.
  • It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
  • Make sure your audience remembers the message.

Got an idea?

Let the communication flow!

With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.

  • Generate experiences with your content.
  • It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
  • Make sure your audience remembers the message.