deep structures of culture

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3. The deep structure of culture

Lessons from the family

Kids...

Children have never been very good at listening to their elders, but have never failed to imitate them. James Baldwin

why?

Why do members of some cultures seek solitude, whereas those of other cultures become dejected if they are not continuously in the company of others? Why do people of some cultures frantically cling to youth, whereas others welcome old age and even death? Why do some cultures worship the earth, whereas others mistreat it? Why do individuals in some cultures strive for material possessions, yet in other cultures people believe that wealth hinders a “settled” life? Why do some cultures believe that great insight can be found in silence, but others feel that words contain the world’s great wisdom? Why do families in some cultures have children living at home even after marriage, and in others children can hardly wait to flee theirhomes?

why?

IN THE STUDY OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION, IT IS NOT ENOUGH TO KNOW THAT SOME CULTURES BOW WHILE OTHERS SHAKE HANDS, WE NEED TO REFLECT ABOUT THE MOTIVATIONS THE KEY TO HOW MEMBERS OF A CULTURE VIEW THE WORLD CAN BE FOUND IN THAT CULTURE'S DEEP STRUCTURE the conscious and unconscious assumptions about how the world works, that unifies a culture, makes each culture unique, and explains the “how” and “why” of a culture’s collective action—action that is often difficult for “outsiders” to understand.

'SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

are the groups and affiliations that members of a culture turn to for lessons about the most important aspects of life.

THE MOST IMPORTANTS

1. FAMILY (CLANS)
2. STATE (COMMUNITY)
3. RELIGION (WORLDVIEW)

THEY...

1. DEFINE
2. CREATE
3. TRANSMIT
4. MAINTAIN
5. REINFORCE THE ELEMENTS OF A CULTURE

It is the deep structure, the conscious and unconscious assumptions about how the world works, that unifies a culture, makeseach culture unique, and explains the “how” and “why” of a culture’s collective action.

1. DEEP STRUCTURE INSTITUTIONS TRANSMIT CULTURE’S MOST IMPORTANT MESSAGES 2. DEEP STRUCTURE INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR MESSAGES ENDURE 3. DEEP STRUCTURE INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR MESSAGES ARE DEEPLY FELT 4.DEEP STRUCTURE INSTITUTIONS SUPPLY MUCH OF A PERSON’S IDENTITY

FAMILY

The Chinese say that if you know the family, you do not need to know the individual.A Hebrew proverb states, “My father planted for me, and I planted for mychildren.” In Africa, the saying is, “A person who has children does not die.” Andin the United States, children are told, “The apple does not fall far from the tree.”Although these ideas differ slightly, all call attention to the significance and enduringquality of family and the universal form of dependence.

FAMILY

this social unit forms the basic cooperativestructure that ensures an individual’s primary needs and provides the necessary care for children to develop as healthy and productive members of the group and thereby ensure its future (Havilland) 1. It is the first socializing agent 2. we learn authority, responsabilities 3. teaches collective values 4. They suply a sense of identity 5. they are the enviroment in which you develop your sel-perception

FAMILY

Now... let´s define it.

Question...

Why nUCLEAR FAMILIES ARE THE NORM IN WESTERN CULTURES?

The requirements of an INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY. FLEXIBILITY AND MOBILITY

What kind of values can encourage a small, flexible, mobile UNIT?

Question interactive

• EXTENDED FAMILIES
• They are more common
• They form a cooperative unit
• Include more relations and generations that nuclear family
• there is usually a head of the family
• What are the economic reasons behind this families?
• What kind of values do you think they privilege in raising children?
• How is the relation with elders? Why?

Question interactive

Globalization is the critical driving force that is fundamentally restructuring the social order around the world, and families are at the center of this change. In every society traditional notions about family life, work, identity and the relationships of individuals and groups to one another are being transformed due to globalizing forces (TRASK) (p.77)

HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION IMPACT FAMILIES? CAN YOU PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE?

ECONOMIC

SOCIALIZATION

FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY

REPRODUCTIVE

LANGUAGE ADQUISITION

IDENTITY

IMPORTANT

FAMILY work in interaction with other institutions and other aspects of culture. Also, remember that not every family is the same

REMEMBER, FAMILY TEACHES

• How to show respect to other people.• How to start, maintain, and end a conversation.• Taking turns when interacting. When to listen and when to speak.• When not to interrupt.• The use of silence.• The correct volume for each setting.• Knowing appropriate and inappropriate topics of conversation.• How to use humor.• Correct use of nonverbal communication. Who can be touched? Where can theybe touched?• Appropriate use of laughter.• Being responsible for their actions.• How to respond to criticism. When and how to disclose personal information to others.

REMEMBER, FAMILY TEACHES

• How to give and accept compliments.• Controlling one’s ego.• Developing empathy.• Respect for others.

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QUIZ

the deep structures

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QUESTION 1 of 5

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QUESTION 2 of 5

QUESTION 3 of 5

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Worldview: Cultural explanations of life and death

What institutions play the most important role trasmitting the most important values and beliefs of culture?

Worldview is a set of interrelated assumptions and beliefs about the nature of reality, the organization of the Universe, the purposes of human life, God, and other philosophical matters that are concerned with the concept of being. Worldview relates to a culture’s orientation toward ontological matters or the nature of being and serves to explain how and why things got to be as they are and why they continue that way.

Schultz and Lavenda develop this idea further when they write, “Members of the same society make use of shared assumptions about how the world works. As they interpret everyday experiences in light of these assumptions, they make sense of their lives and their lives make sense to other members of the society".

For in its broadest sense, worldview is the way people interpret reality and events, including how they see themselves in relation to the world around them.

WorLdwiev

• Does law, chance, or “God” rule the world?
• What is the purpose of life
• What is the right way to live?
• What are the origins of the universe, and how did life begin?
• What happens when we die?
• What are the sources of knowledge?
• What is good and bad and right and wrong?
• What is human nature?
• Why do we exist just to die?
• How do we determine “truth”?
• What is our responsibility to other people?

What questions are we trying to answer?

Can nature be conquered? Do we need to control it?

spirituality

atheism

Most wordviews are rooted on...

established religions

Atheism a a worldview

Many people who hold the atheistic worldview often feel comfortable describing themselves as agnostics, human secularists, or deists. Although there are some minor shades of differences, there are some core beliefs that explain what these adherents have in common. The most fundamental of these beliefs is that there is a social order and explanation of life that can exist without God or organized religion. Not only do atheists deny the existence of God, but they also hold a number of other fundamental beliefs.

Atheism a a worldview

1. Rejection of God. They see God as a projection of human culture. Religion is thus man-made. 2. They advocat for the scientific mode, or the theory of evolution 3. The role of the individual. You determine your own purpose on life. 4. The importance of ethics to guide your behavior. 5. Death is a biological truth.

Atheism a a worldview

Atheist

Agnostic

Polytheist

Deist

SCORE: 00000

What term is used to describe a person who does not claim to know whether any gods exist?

• What values do you consider important?
• Does your life align with those values?
• Are they universal values?

CULTURAL VALUES: ROAD MAPS FOR BEHAVIORS

What factors influence the way your think and act?

What happens when your values are in conflict with those of your neighbour?

Perception's influence

Can you remember a desagreement your had with someone?

Often conflict comes from our inability to understand other's point of view.

So, what is PERCEPTION? How we make sense of the world. SELECTION ORGANIZATION INTERPRETATION INTERACTION BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND CULTURE

In the United States, a direct, forthright communicative style is expected and valued. Frank exchanges of ideas and animated debates often characterize meetings. In contrast, this type of communication can be threatening to people from Northeast Asian nations (China, Japan, and Korea). Their concern for positive, enduring interpersonal relations leads to a preference for indirect communications between valued associates. Accordingly, negative or adverse information is often couched in ambiguous terms. From this, it is easy to imagine how a culturally uninformed American might perceive a typical Japanese speaker as being evasive or even duplicitous and have reservations about entering into a business arrangement.

In the United States, culture emphasizes the value of youth and rejects growing old. As a result, older people are often viewed less positively. This is evident in media commercialsthat usually appeal to a youth demographic. According to one communication researcher, “Young people view elderly people as less desirable interaction partners than other young people or middle-aged people.” This negative view of the elderly isnot found in all cultures. For example, in Middle Eastern,Asian, Latin American, and American Indian cultures older people are perceived in a more positive light.

PERCEPTION IS...

TRIVIAL

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QUIZ

Because there are so many stimuli simultaneously competingfor the attention of your senses, you focus only on selected information and filter out the rest.

Correct!

Life’s experiences teach you to see the world in a particular way.

Correct!

Culture teaches you the meaning behind most of your experiences.

Correct!

Once you perceive something in a particular manner, thatinterpretation is usually resistant to change.

Correct!

You view the world through a subjective lens influenced by culture, values, and personal experiences. This tends to make you see what you expect or want to see.

Congratulations!

TÍTULO

Beliefs

A belief is an idea or concept that an individual or group holds to be true (is a subjective convinction, often regardless proofs) The more people shares a belief the more intense it becomes and the more difficulty you find to express dissidence. What makes our belief system important is that it is learned, and subject to cultural interpretation. Therefore, shared beliefs can come to represent cultural norms, or values,characterizing a large collective of people

Beliefs

Beliefs often reflect on your behavior. For example... why different cultures react to sunbathing in different way? What historical, social, or economic factors might influence this? (rural/urban, west/east, media)

Beliefs

Pick one: skin tone preferences, arranged marriages, dietary restrictions, work ethic (or add another of your choice)

1. Where does this belief originate? (Historical, religious, economic background)
2. How does it shape behavior? (Personal choices, social expectations)
3. How does the belief persist or evolve? (Media influence, globalization, migration)
4. What challenges exist for those who disagree with this belief?

Values

• Beliefs form the foundation of values.
• What you consider desirablefor yourself and for the society you live in is a product of your values, which can be heldboth consciously and subconsciously.
• These culturalvalues provide a set of guidelines that assist the culture’s members in deciding what isgood or bad, desirable or undesirable, right or wrong
• Institutionalized cultural values define whatis worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, which subjects areworthy of study, and which topics deserve ridicule.

Values in conflict...

Free speech vs. Social harmony: Should offensive speech be legally protected? Religious traditions vs. Gender equality: Should cultural traditions be upheld if they contradict modern human rights? National security vs. Privacy: How much surveillance is acceptable for safety?

cultural patterns

• Culture is a multifaceted social construct.
• the dominant group within a culture often exhibits similar societal characteristics that are derived from their shared set of beliefs andvalues
• Cultural patterns, sometimes called value orientations, is an umbrella term used to collectively describe those cultural values that characterize the dominant group within a culture.
• As used here, the term refers to culturally based beliefs, vaues,attitudes, and behaviors shared by members of a particular culture.When engaged in any intercultural interaction, you should keep in mind that you are dealing with an individual.

cultural patterns

• This patterns explain the ways grous are preceived.
• while not 100% accurate, they are helpful because provide a systematic stracture to identfy recurring values.

cultural patterns

• You are more than your culture (age, gender, income level, experiences, education, and other factors)
• Cultural patterns are integrated. Values often interact with other values
• Cultural patterns are dynamic: values evolve (human rigjts movement, globalizations, revolutions, etc). But the deep structures of culture are resistant to change, they do it slowly.
• Cultural patterns can be contradictory
• Cultural patterns are broad generalizations
• We have multiple models

cultural patterns

• Kohls’ list of values Americans live by• The Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck classification of value orientations• Hall’s categorization of high-context and low-context orientations• Hofstede’s set of value dimensions• Minkov’s cultural dimensions• Gelfand’s research on tight and loose cultures• Ting-Toomey’s explanation and application of face and facework

KOHLS’ “THE VALUES AMERICANS LIVE BY”

a. Personal Control over the Environmentb. Changec. Time and Its Controld. Equalitye. Individualism/Privacyf. Self-Helpg. Competitionh. Future Orientationi. Action/Work Orientationj. Informalityk. Directness/Openness/Honestyl. Practicality/Efficiencym. Materialism/Acquisitiveness

KLUCKHOHN AND STRODTBECK’S VALUEORIENTATIONS

1. What is the character of human nature?2. What is the relation of humankind to nature?3. What is the orientation toward time?4. What is the value placed on activity?5. What is the relationship of people to each other?

KLUCKHOHN AND STRODTBECK’S VALUEORIENTATIONS

Hall..low or high context?

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• Family
• Religion
• History
• Cultural Identity

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• Family
• Religion
• History
• Cultural Identity

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