Analysis: The Monkey's Paw
Analysis: The Monkey's Paw
By: W.W. Jacobs
By: W.W. Jacobs
Learning Objectives
Students will be able to: - Analyze the structure of The Monkey’s Paw, identifying key elements of the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution, and explain how this structure contributes to the development of suspense.
- Identify examples of foreshadowing in The Monkey’s Paw and evaluate how these hints prepare readers for the eventual consequences of the characters’ wishes.
- Analyze the pacing of the story, explaining how Jacobs uses variations in pacing to heighten tension and keep the reader engaged.
- Evaluate how the author creates and sustains tension through atmosphere, character hesitation, and unresolved questions, and explain how this tension impacts the reader’s experience.
Essential Questions
- How does the structure of The Monkey’s Paw contribute to the build-up of suspense and tension throughout the story?
- In what ways does W.W. Jacobs use foreshadowing to hint at the tragic outcomes of the wishes, and how does it affect the reader’s experience?
- What role does tension play in The Monkey’s Paw, and how does it shape the reader’s understanding of the characters' actions and the consequences of their wishes?
- How does the chronological order of events in The Monkey’s Paw help convey the cause-and-effect relationship between the characters' decisions and their outcomes?
W.W. Jacobs
W.W. Jacobs
W.W. (William Wymark) Jacobs (1863–1943) was an English author best known for his mastery of the short story genre, particularly for his classic horror story "The Monkey's Paw." Born in London, Jacobs spent much of his life in the bustling city, drawing inspiration from its diverse characters and urban landscapes. "The Monkey's Paw," published in 1902, remains Jacobs' most famous work. The story follows the White family, who come into possession of a magical monkey's paw that grants them three wishes. However, each wish comes with unforeseen and tragic consequences, leading to a chilling exploration of the consequences of tampering with fate.
Jacobs' writing style is characterized by its economy of language and keen attention to detail. His stories often feature ordinary people facing extraordinary circumstances, with elements of suspense, irony, and dark humor woven throughout. In addition to "The Monkey's Paw," Jacobs wrote numerous other short stories and several novels, though none achieved quite the same level of popularity. Throughout his career, Jacobs remained dedicated to his craft, earning praise for his ability to evoke atmosphere and create memorable characters within the confines of the short story form. His work continues to be studied and celebrated for its timeless themes and enduring appeal, cementing his legacy as one of the masters of the genre.
Historical Context
The Monkey's Paw is a product of its time, reflecting the anxieties, fascinations, and moral questions of the early 20th century. Its themes of fate, the supernatural, and the unintended consequences of human desires are timeless, but they gain additional depth when viewed against the backdrop of the Edwardian era’s societal changes, technological advancements, and cultural exchanges. Understanding this context helps readers appreciate the story’s enduring appeal and its commentary on the human condition.
Edwardian Era
Colonialism and the British Empire
Victorian Gothic
Historical Background of The Monkey’s Paw
The Monkey’s Paw, written by British author W.W. Jacobs, was first published in 1902 in a collection titled The Lady of the Barge. This eerie tale has since become one of the most popular short stories in English literature, particularly for its themes of fate, superstition, and the unintended consequences of wishes. Set against the backdrop of early 20th-century England, The Monkey’s Paw reflects a time when society was becoming increasingly interested in the supernatural and horror fiction as forms of entertainment.
In summary, The Monkey’s Paw captures the early 20th-century fascination with the supernatural, influenced by colonial themes and the moral framework of cautionary tales. It reflects the Victorian and Edwardian era's fears and curiosities, offering a timeless message about the limits of human control over fate.
Cautionary Tale
Examples
A cautionary tale is a story that warns the reader or listener about the potential dangers of certain behaviors, decisions, or desires. The primary purpose is to teach a moral lesson by illustrating the negative consequences of ignoring advice, defying social norms, or succumbing to temptation. Typically, the protagonist in a cautionary tale makes a poor decision that leads to disastrous or unintended consequences, and the moral is usually clear by the end of the story.Structure of a Cautionary Tale:
- Warning: The tale usually begins with a warning or advice about a potential danger.
- Disobedience or Ignoring the Warning: The protagonist ignores or defies the warning, often out of arrogance, curiosity, or desire.
- Consequences: As a result, the protagonist faces severe consequences, which may include death, punishment, or ruin.
- Moral: The story concludes with a clear moral, often implied, that reinforces the lesson of the warning.
Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing
W.W. Jacobs uses foreshadowing extensively to create suspense and prepare the reader for the story’s dark turn. Each of these moments plants the seeds of doubt and dread, letting readers know that something terrible will happen, even if the characters do not yet realize it. Each image represents foreshadoing in The Monkey's Paw. Click on each image to learn more.
What is Theme?
Theme is the underlying message, big idea, or central insight that a writer conveys in a work of literature. It reflects the author's thoughts or observations about life, society, or human nature. Unlike the plot, which tells what happens in a story, the theme tells why it happens and what it means on a deeper level.How to Identify a ThemeTo find the theme of a story, ask yourself:
- What is the story really about?
This helps you identify the subject or topic of the work. For example, in a story about friendship, the subject is friendship. 2. What is the author saying about that subject?This is the theme. It goes beyond the surface of the story to reveal the author's message or insight. For example, in a story about friendship, the theme might be true friendship can help people overcome difficult challenges.
What is Theme?
Difference Between Subject and Theme
- The subject of a story is the topic it covers (such as love, fear, or loyalty).
- The theme is the message or lesson the author wants to share about that topic. It is often a universal idea that applies to life in general.
Common Themes in Literature
- Good vs. Evil – The battle between right and wrong is a theme found in many stories.
- Courage – Characters often face challenges that require them to be brave and stand up for what they believe in.
- Love – Whether romantic or familial, love is a common theme that explores the complexities of relationships.
- The Importance of Family – Many stories focus on how family bonds support individuals through hardships.
Theme
Read the following passage: Lena had always dreamed of playing the piano, but her family couldn’t afford lessons. Instead, she spent hours each day listening to music and practicing on an old, broken keyboard her neighbor had given her. Despite its missing keys and out-of-tune notes, Lena played passionately, pouring her heart into every melody. One day, a famous pianist came to town for a performance. Lena saved up every penny she could, doing odd jobs around the neighborhood, until she could buy a ticket. After the concert, she gathered the courage to approach the pianist, eager to share her love for music. With trembling hands, she told him about her dream and the broken keyboard she practiced on. The pianist smiled, touched by Lena’s dedication. “It’s not the instrument that makes the musician,” he said. “It’s the heart and passion behind the music.” A week later, Lena received a package at her door. Inside was a brand-new piano with a note: “For Lena, who plays from the heart. – Your friend, the pianist.”
Questions for Identifying Theme:
Theme
Sample Answers
1. What is the story about? (Subject)The story is about a young girl named Lena who loves playing the piano, even though she cannot afford lessons or a proper instrument. 2. What message is the author trying to convey about that subject? (Theme)The author is conveying that passion and dedication are more important than the tools you have. The theme emphasizes that true talent comes from within and that perseverance in pursuing your dreams can lead to success. 3. How do the actions of the characters contribute to the theme?Lena’s actions, such as practicing on a broken keyboard and saving money to attend a concert, show her determination and passion for music. The pianist’s gift of a new piano reinforces the theme by recognizing that Lena’s heart and dedication are what truly make her a musician, not the quality of her instrument. 4. What lesson can readers take away from Lena’s story?Readers can learn that obstacles, such as limited resources, should not stop them from pursuing their passions. Dedication and hard work can help overcome challenges, and sometimes, unexpected help comes to those who persist in following their dreams.
Understanding Symbolism in Literature
What is Symbolism?
Symbolism is a literary device where an object, person, or situation represents something beyond its literal meaning. Authors use symbolism to add deeper layers of meaning to their stories, making them richer and more complex. A symbol can be anything—an object, a character, a setting, or even a color—that suggests a larger idea, concept, or theme.
Example:
hearts often symbolizes love
a storm might symbolize conflict or emotional turmoil.
By using symbols, authors can communicate abstract ideas in a more concrete and relatable way.
Types of Symbols
Types of Symbols:
Conventional SymbolsThese symbols are widely recognized and understood within a culture or society. Their meanings are generally agreed upon by most people.
Example:
A dove often symbolizes peace.
Personal or Contextual Symbols These symbols are unique to a particular story or piece of writing. Their meaning is not universally recognized and can only be understood within the context of the story.
Example:
In The Most Dangerous Game Ship-Trap Island is more than just a setting; it symbolizes danger, fear, and the unknown. Ship-Trap Island a powerful contextual symbol in the story, representing the overarching theme of the thin line between the hunter and the hunted.
Click on each image to read about an example.
Why Do Authors Use Symbolism?
Authors use symbolism to:
- Add Depth and Meaning: Symbols help convey ideas and emotions that may be too complex to express directly.
- Engage Readers: Symbolism encourages readers to think critically about what a story represents beyond its surface.
- Develop Themes: Through symbolism, authors can reinforce important themes, such as love, death, freedom, or fate.
- Create Emotional Impact: Symbols often evoke stronger emotional responses by connecting abstract ideas to tangible things.
Think About It
As you read The Monkey's Paw, match up each part of the plot diagram with a part of the story.
Characters
- Mr. and Mrs. White:
- Mr. and Mrs. White are a middle-aged couple who reside in a cozy home in England. They are the parents of Herbert White and are depicted as a loving, close-knit family. Mr. White is characterized as rational and practical, while Mrs. White is more superstitious and emotional. They are both deeply affected by the tragic events that unfold after they come into possession of the monkey's paw.
- Herbert White:
- Herbert is the son of Mr. and Mrs. White, described as a cheerful and confident young man. He works at a local firm and is the primary breadwinner of the family. Herbert is skeptical of the monkey's paw's supposed magical powers and dismisses his parents' fears about it. However, his skepticism is challenged when the consequences of using the paw become devastatingly real.
- Sergeant-Major Morris:
- Sergeant-Major Morris is a guest who visits the White family at the beginning of the story. He is an old army comrade of Mr. White and brings with him the mysterious monkey's paw. Morris recounts the paw's dark history and warns the Whites about its dangerous nature.
Vocabulary
Peril (noun): Danger or serious risk.
Dubious (adjective): Doubtful, questioning, or skeptical.
Provoke (verb): To stir up or bring about.
Assent (noun): Agreement.
Hospitable (adjective): Kind and generous to guests or strangers.
Assurance (noun): A promise or declaration.
Disclaim (verb): Reject or deny.
Grimace (noun): A facial expression that shows disapproval, disgust, or pain.
Compensation (noun): Something given to make up for a loss, injury, or suffering.
Fate (noun): Destiny; the universal force that determines what happens in a person’s life.
Apathy (noun): Lack of interest; absence of emotion or excitement.
Grave (adjective): Serious or solemn.
Expire (verb): To come to an end; to die out.
Maligned (adjective): Spoken about as if evil or harmful, often untruthfully.
Oppressive (adjective): Causing discomfort or distress.
FILL IN THE BLANKS Vocabulary GAME
Disclaim
disclaim
The celebrity tried to __________ any rumors that he was involved in the scandal.
Oppressive
Hospitable
Dubious
grave
The doctor’s face turned __________ when he delivered the difficult news to the patient.
Grave
Maligned
Apathy
grimace
She couldn’t help but make a __________ when she tasted the sour lemon.
Assent
Grimace
Fate
compensation
The company offered ______________ to the employees who had lost their jobs during the layoffs.
Compensation
Provoke
FILL IN THE BLANKS Vocabulary GAME
Maligned
apathy
His __________ during the meeting was obvious, as he stared blankly at the wall and showed no interest in the discussion.
Assent
Apathy
Fate
fate
Some people believe that their __________ is predetermined, while others think they control their own destiny.
Compensation
Disclaim
Assurance
oppressive
The heat was so ____________ that it made it difficult to focus on anything other than finding shade.
Oppressive
Dubious
Expire
His words were carefully chosen to not __________ anger among the audience.
provoke
Provoke
Peril
FILL IN THE BLANKS Vocabulary GAME
Grave
dubious
Many students were __________ about the changes to the curriculum, questioning whether it would be effective.
Dubious
Oppressive
Expire
After much discussion, the board members finally nodded in __________ to the new proposal.
Disclaim
assent
Assent
Peril
The explorers faced incredible __________ as they ventured deep into the uncharted jungle.
peril
Grimace
Provoke
Fate
maligned
The politician was __________ by his opponents, who spread false rumors about him.
Hospitable
Maligned
FILL IN THE BLANKS Vocabulary GAME
Assurance
She gave her friend the __________ that everything would work out fine, even though she wasn’t entirely sure.
assurance
Expire
Peril
Oppressive
hospitable
The family was so ____________ that they invited every traveler who passed by to join them for a meal.
Apathy
Hospitable
Provoke
expire
The coupon will __________ tomorrow, so be sure to use it before it’s too late.
Expire
Disclaim
Reading Focus
As you read, watch for words or phrases that instill a sense of unease. The author's choice of words are intentional and may foreshadow something that could happen later.
The Monkey's Paw
The Monkey's Paw
By: W.W. Jacobs
As you read, click on the icons for definitions and other information to help you better understand what you are reading. Click on the questions that occur as you read to confirm understanding.
Preview Post Reading Questions
Preview Post Reading Questions
- In the context of the story, can we control our fate? Do our choices have an impact on the course of our lives, or are our lives predetermined no matter what we do? Cite evidence from this text, your own experience, and other literature, art, or history in your answer.
- How does the author use foreshadowing to contribute to the story's overall meaning? Explain at least two examples of foreshadowing and how they develop the theme of the story.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
10
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Plot Structure: The Monkey's Paw
The plot of The Monkey’s Paw follows a traditional five-part structure. Click on each number to read the discription.
Climax
Rising Action
Falling Action
Exposition
Resolution
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
ReviewQuestions
Questions will be answered in Canvas.
- In the context of the story, can we control our fate? Do our choices have an impact on the course of our lives, or are our lives predetermined no matter what we do? Cite evidence from this text, your own experience, and other literature, art, or history in your answer.
- How does the author use foreshadowing to contribute to the story's overall meaning? Explain at least two examples of foreshadowing and how they develop the theme of the story.
Themes of Fate and the Cautionary Tale
At its core, The Monkey’s Paw is a cautionary tale about human desires and the unforeseen consequences of trying to manipulate fate. This aligns with broader themes found in folklore and fables where the wish-granting object or creature, like a genie or magical artifact, fulfills desires in a twisted way, often leading to suffering. Victorian and Edwardian audiences were familiar with such cautionary tales, which typically taught moral lessons, warning against greed and interfering with destiny.
Influence on Modern Horror and Literature
The Monkey’s Paw has become a classic of the horror genre and has influenced countless stories, films, and television shows that use wish fulfillment with dark twists as a central theme. Its structure, atmosphere, and sense of dread have inspired writers from horror legends like H.P. Lovecraft to modern television shows such as The Twilight Zone. The story’s haunting conclusion and the unsettling idea that wishes come with hidden consequences have solidified its place in literary history, making it a popular study in gothic and horror fiction.
Edwardian Era (1901-1910)
- Time Period: "The Monkey's Paw" was published in 1902, during the Edwardian era, which followed the Victorian period and preceded World War I.
- Cultural Shifts: This era was marked by significant changes in society, with growing industrialization and urbanization. There was a move towards modernity, but traditional values and social hierarchies were still prevalent.
- Technological Advancements: Innovations in technology and industry were rapidly transforming daily life. The advent of electricity, automobiles, and improved communication systems like the telephone created a sense of wonder and progress, but also unease about the pace of change.
"The Boy Who Cried Wolf" (Aesop’s Fable): In this fable, a shepherd boy repeatedly tricks villagers into thinking a wolf is attacking his sheep. When a wolf actually appears, the villagers ignore his cries, and the boy suffers the consequences. The moral: lying leads to loss of trust, and when the truth is needed, it may be ignored.
"Little Red Riding Hood" (Folk Tale): In this story, Little Red Riding Hood is warned not to talk to strangers and to stay on the path. She ignores this advice, speaks with the wolf, and ends up in danger. The tale teaches the importance of following instructions and being cautious of strangers.
"The Boy Who Cried Wolf" (Aesop’s Fable):
In this fable, a shepherd boy repeatedly tricks villagers into thinking a wolf is attacking his sheep. When a wolf actually appears, the villagers ignore his cries, and the boy suffers the consequences. The moral: lying leads to loss of trust, and when the truth is needed, it may be ignored.
"The Legend of Icarus" (Greek Mythology): Icarus, the son of Daedalus, is warned not to fly too close to the sun with his wax wings. Ignoring his father’s warning, he flies too high, and the sun melts his wings, causing him to fall into the sea and drown. The cautionary message is about the dangers of hubris and disobedience.
The chess game: Early in the story, Mr. White makes a risky move in the chess game, foreshadowing his decision to take risks with the paw despite the warnings.
Colonial Influence and Exoticism
The tale of The Monkey’s Paw is influenced by colonial England’s fascination with "exotic" items and mystical powers. The monkey’s paw, which comes from India, represents an artifact tied to colonial expansion and the unknown. At the time, many English writers incorporated Eastern themes into their work, often using mysterious items from the colonies as plot devices. In The Monkey’s Paw, the artifact is enchanted by a fakir (a term for a holy man in certain Eastern religions), and it carries with it a dark lesson about fate, warning against tampering with things beyond human understanding.
Sergeant-Major Morris’s warning: He explicitly cautions Mr. White about the dangers of the paw, saying, “The first man had his three wishes, yes. I don’t know what the first two were, but the third was for death.” This hint sets the expectation that wishes granted by the paw come with dire consequences.
Influences and the Victorian Fascination with the Supernatural
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, fascination with the supernatural, mysticism, and exotic cultures was at an all-time high in England. Many people were intrigued by tales of mystical objects and foreign lands, often brought back by soldiers, explorers, and traders from Britain's colonies. This curiosity about foreign artifacts, combined with Victorian society’s belief in fate and superstition, laid the perfect groundwork for a story like The Monkey’s Paw.
Herbert’s casual remarks: Herbert jokingly mocks the paw, saying they’ll “be famous” and rich, hinting at the tragic irony of his later death and the fulfillment of the wish.
Victorian Gothic Influence
- Literary Trends: Jacobs’ work was influenced by the Gothic literature of the preceding Victorian era, which was characterized by dark, mysterious settings, and themes of horror and the supernatural.
Supernatural Fiction: This genre capitalized on the era’s anxieties about the unknown, the afterlife, and the limits of human knowledge. "The Monkey's Paw" taps into these fears, using the supernatural to explore themes of fate and the consequences of tampering with it.
Colonialism and the British Empire
- Global Influence: The British Empire was at its zenith, exerting control over vast territories across Africa, Asia, and other parts of the world. This global presence influenced British culture, bringing in tales and artifacts from distant lands.
- Exoticism and Superstition: The story features a talisman—a monkey’s paw—brought back from India, reflecting the era’s fascination with the exotic and the mystical. British audiences were intrigued by the strange and supernatural stories from the colonies.
Analysis - The Monkey's Paw
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Transcript
Analysis: The Monkey's Paw
Analysis: The Monkey's Paw
By: W.W. Jacobs
By: W.W. Jacobs
Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:- Analyze the structure of The Monkey’s Paw, identifying key elements of the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution, and explain how this structure contributes to the development of suspense.
- Identify examples of foreshadowing in The Monkey’s Paw and evaluate how these hints prepare readers for the eventual consequences of the characters’ wishes.
- Analyze the pacing of the story, explaining how Jacobs uses variations in pacing to heighten tension and keep the reader engaged.
- Evaluate how the author creates and sustains tension through atmosphere, character hesitation, and unresolved questions, and explain how this tension impacts the reader’s experience.
Essential Questions
W.W. Jacobs
W.W. Jacobs
W.W. (William Wymark) Jacobs (1863–1943) was an English author best known for his mastery of the short story genre, particularly for his classic horror story "The Monkey's Paw." Born in London, Jacobs spent much of his life in the bustling city, drawing inspiration from its diverse characters and urban landscapes. "The Monkey's Paw," published in 1902, remains Jacobs' most famous work. The story follows the White family, who come into possession of a magical monkey's paw that grants them three wishes. However, each wish comes with unforeseen and tragic consequences, leading to a chilling exploration of the consequences of tampering with fate. Jacobs' writing style is characterized by its economy of language and keen attention to detail. His stories often feature ordinary people facing extraordinary circumstances, with elements of suspense, irony, and dark humor woven throughout. In addition to "The Monkey's Paw," Jacobs wrote numerous other short stories and several novels, though none achieved quite the same level of popularity. Throughout his career, Jacobs remained dedicated to his craft, earning praise for his ability to evoke atmosphere and create memorable characters within the confines of the short story form. His work continues to be studied and celebrated for its timeless themes and enduring appeal, cementing his legacy as one of the masters of the genre.
Historical Context
The Monkey's Paw is a product of its time, reflecting the anxieties, fascinations, and moral questions of the early 20th century. Its themes of fate, the supernatural, and the unintended consequences of human desires are timeless, but they gain additional depth when viewed against the backdrop of the Edwardian era’s societal changes, technological advancements, and cultural exchanges. Understanding this context helps readers appreciate the story’s enduring appeal and its commentary on the human condition.
Edwardian Era
Colonialism and the British Empire
Victorian Gothic
Historical Background of The Monkey’s Paw
The Monkey’s Paw, written by British author W.W. Jacobs, was first published in 1902 in a collection titled The Lady of the Barge. This eerie tale has since become one of the most popular short stories in English literature, particularly for its themes of fate, superstition, and the unintended consequences of wishes. Set against the backdrop of early 20th-century England, The Monkey’s Paw reflects a time when society was becoming increasingly interested in the supernatural and horror fiction as forms of entertainment.
In summary, The Monkey’s Paw captures the early 20th-century fascination with the supernatural, influenced by colonial themes and the moral framework of cautionary tales. It reflects the Victorian and Edwardian era's fears and curiosities, offering a timeless message about the limits of human control over fate.
Cautionary Tale
Examples
A cautionary tale is a story that warns the reader or listener about the potential dangers of certain behaviors, decisions, or desires. The primary purpose is to teach a moral lesson by illustrating the negative consequences of ignoring advice, defying social norms, or succumbing to temptation. Typically, the protagonist in a cautionary tale makes a poor decision that leads to disastrous or unintended consequences, and the moral is usually clear by the end of the story.Structure of a Cautionary Tale:
Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing
W.W. Jacobs uses foreshadowing extensively to create suspense and prepare the reader for the story’s dark turn. Each of these moments plants the seeds of doubt and dread, letting readers know that something terrible will happen, even if the characters do not yet realize it. Each image represents foreshadoing in The Monkey's Paw. Click on each image to learn more.
What is Theme?
Theme is the underlying message, big idea, or central insight that a writer conveys in a work of literature. It reflects the author's thoughts or observations about life, society, or human nature. Unlike the plot, which tells what happens in a story, the theme tells why it happens and what it means on a deeper level.How to Identify a ThemeTo find the theme of a story, ask yourself:
- What is the story really about?
This helps you identify the subject or topic of the work. For example, in a story about friendship, the subject is friendship. 2. What is the author saying about that subject?This is the theme. It goes beyond the surface of the story to reveal the author's message or insight. For example, in a story about friendship, the theme might be true friendship can help people overcome difficult challenges.What is Theme?
Difference Between Subject and Theme
- The theme is the message or lesson the author wants to share about that topic. It is often a universal idea that applies to life in general.
Common Themes in LiteratureTheme
Read the following passage: Lena had always dreamed of playing the piano, but her family couldn’t afford lessons. Instead, she spent hours each day listening to music and practicing on an old, broken keyboard her neighbor had given her. Despite its missing keys and out-of-tune notes, Lena played passionately, pouring her heart into every melody. One day, a famous pianist came to town for a performance. Lena saved up every penny she could, doing odd jobs around the neighborhood, until she could buy a ticket. After the concert, she gathered the courage to approach the pianist, eager to share her love for music. With trembling hands, she told him about her dream and the broken keyboard she practiced on. The pianist smiled, touched by Lena’s dedication. “It’s not the instrument that makes the musician,” he said. “It’s the heart and passion behind the music.” A week later, Lena received a package at her door. Inside was a brand-new piano with a note: “For Lena, who plays from the heart. – Your friend, the pianist.”
Questions for Identifying Theme:
Theme
Sample Answers
1. What is the story about? (Subject)The story is about a young girl named Lena who loves playing the piano, even though she cannot afford lessons or a proper instrument. 2. What message is the author trying to convey about that subject? (Theme)The author is conveying that passion and dedication are more important than the tools you have. The theme emphasizes that true talent comes from within and that perseverance in pursuing your dreams can lead to success. 3. How do the actions of the characters contribute to the theme?Lena’s actions, such as practicing on a broken keyboard and saving money to attend a concert, show her determination and passion for music. The pianist’s gift of a new piano reinforces the theme by recognizing that Lena’s heart and dedication are what truly make her a musician, not the quality of her instrument. 4. What lesson can readers take away from Lena’s story?Readers can learn that obstacles, such as limited resources, should not stop them from pursuing their passions. Dedication and hard work can help overcome challenges, and sometimes, unexpected help comes to those who persist in following their dreams.
Understanding Symbolism in Literature
What is Symbolism?
Symbolism is a literary device where an object, person, or situation represents something beyond its literal meaning. Authors use symbolism to add deeper layers of meaning to their stories, making them richer and more complex. A symbol can be anything—an object, a character, a setting, or even a color—that suggests a larger idea, concept, or theme.
Example:
hearts often symbolizes love
a storm might symbolize conflict or emotional turmoil.
By using symbols, authors can communicate abstract ideas in a more concrete and relatable way.
Types of Symbols
Types of Symbols:
Conventional SymbolsThese symbols are widely recognized and understood within a culture or society. Their meanings are generally agreed upon by most people.
Example:
A dove often symbolizes peace.
Personal or Contextual Symbols These symbols are unique to a particular story or piece of writing. Their meaning is not universally recognized and can only be understood within the context of the story.
Example:
In The Most Dangerous Game Ship-Trap Island is more than just a setting; it symbolizes danger, fear, and the unknown. Ship-Trap Island a powerful contextual symbol in the story, representing the overarching theme of the thin line between the hunter and the hunted.
Click on each image to read about an example.
Why Do Authors Use Symbolism?
Authors use symbolism to:
Think About It
As you read The Monkey's Paw, match up each part of the plot diagram with a part of the story.
Characters
Vocabulary
Peril (noun): Danger or serious risk.
Dubious (adjective): Doubtful, questioning, or skeptical.
Provoke (verb): To stir up or bring about.
Assent (noun): Agreement.
Hospitable (adjective): Kind and generous to guests or strangers.
Assurance (noun): A promise or declaration.
Disclaim (verb): Reject or deny.
Grimace (noun): A facial expression that shows disapproval, disgust, or pain.
Compensation (noun): Something given to make up for a loss, injury, or suffering.
Fate (noun): Destiny; the universal force that determines what happens in a person’s life.
Apathy (noun): Lack of interest; absence of emotion or excitement.
Grave (adjective): Serious or solemn.
Expire (verb): To come to an end; to die out.
Maligned (adjective): Spoken about as if evil or harmful, often untruthfully.
Oppressive (adjective): Causing discomfort or distress.
FILL IN THE BLANKS Vocabulary GAME
Disclaim
disclaim
The celebrity tried to __________ any rumors that he was involved in the scandal.
Oppressive
Hospitable
Dubious
grave
The doctor’s face turned __________ when he delivered the difficult news to the patient.
Grave
Maligned
Apathy
grimace
She couldn’t help but make a __________ when she tasted the sour lemon.
Assent
Grimace
Fate
compensation
The company offered ______________ to the employees who had lost their jobs during the layoffs.
Compensation
Provoke
FILL IN THE BLANKS Vocabulary GAME
Maligned
apathy
His __________ during the meeting was obvious, as he stared blankly at the wall and showed no interest in the discussion.
Assent
Apathy
Fate
fate
Some people believe that their __________ is predetermined, while others think they control their own destiny.
Compensation
Disclaim
Assurance
oppressive
The heat was so ____________ that it made it difficult to focus on anything other than finding shade.
Oppressive
Dubious
Expire
His words were carefully chosen to not __________ anger among the audience.
provoke
Provoke
Peril
FILL IN THE BLANKS Vocabulary GAME
Grave
dubious
Many students were __________ about the changes to the curriculum, questioning whether it would be effective.
Dubious
Oppressive
Expire
After much discussion, the board members finally nodded in __________ to the new proposal.
Disclaim
assent
Assent
Peril
The explorers faced incredible __________ as they ventured deep into the uncharted jungle.
peril
Grimace
Provoke
Fate
maligned
The politician was __________ by his opponents, who spread false rumors about him.
Hospitable
Maligned
FILL IN THE BLANKS Vocabulary GAME
Assurance
She gave her friend the __________ that everything would work out fine, even though she wasn’t entirely sure.
assurance
Expire
Peril
Oppressive
hospitable
The family was so ____________ that they invited every traveler who passed by to join them for a meal.
Apathy
Hospitable
Provoke
expire
The coupon will __________ tomorrow, so be sure to use it before it’s too late.
Expire
Disclaim
Reading Focus
As you read, watch for words or phrases that instill a sense of unease. The author's choice of words are intentional and may foreshadow something that could happen later.
The Monkey's Paw
The Monkey's Paw
By: W.W. Jacobs
As you read, click on the icons for definitions and other information to help you better understand what you are reading. Click on the questions that occur as you read to confirm understanding.
Preview Post Reading Questions
Preview Post Reading Questions
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
10
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
Plot Structure: The Monkey's Paw
The plot of The Monkey’s Paw follows a traditional five-part structure. Click on each number to read the discription.
Climax
Rising Action
Falling Action
Exposition
Resolution
Audio Book
Read the story, link to PDF in Module 1.
ReviewQuestions
Questions will be answered in Canvas.
Themes of Fate and the Cautionary Tale
At its core, The Monkey’s Paw is a cautionary tale about human desires and the unforeseen consequences of trying to manipulate fate. This aligns with broader themes found in folklore and fables where the wish-granting object or creature, like a genie or magical artifact, fulfills desires in a twisted way, often leading to suffering. Victorian and Edwardian audiences were familiar with such cautionary tales, which typically taught moral lessons, warning against greed and interfering with destiny.
Influence on Modern Horror and Literature
The Monkey’s Paw has become a classic of the horror genre and has influenced countless stories, films, and television shows that use wish fulfillment with dark twists as a central theme. Its structure, atmosphere, and sense of dread have inspired writers from horror legends like H.P. Lovecraft to modern television shows such as The Twilight Zone. The story’s haunting conclusion and the unsettling idea that wishes come with hidden consequences have solidified its place in literary history, making it a popular study in gothic and horror fiction.
Edwardian Era (1901-1910)
"The Boy Who Cried Wolf" (Aesop’s Fable): In this fable, a shepherd boy repeatedly tricks villagers into thinking a wolf is attacking his sheep. When a wolf actually appears, the villagers ignore his cries, and the boy suffers the consequences. The moral: lying leads to loss of trust, and when the truth is needed, it may be ignored.
"Little Red Riding Hood" (Folk Tale): In this story, Little Red Riding Hood is warned not to talk to strangers and to stay on the path. She ignores this advice, speaks with the wolf, and ends up in danger. The tale teaches the importance of following instructions and being cautious of strangers.
"The Boy Who Cried Wolf" (Aesop’s Fable): In this fable, a shepherd boy repeatedly tricks villagers into thinking a wolf is attacking his sheep. When a wolf actually appears, the villagers ignore his cries, and the boy suffers the consequences. The moral: lying leads to loss of trust, and when the truth is needed, it may be ignored.
"The Legend of Icarus" (Greek Mythology): Icarus, the son of Daedalus, is warned not to fly too close to the sun with his wax wings. Ignoring his father’s warning, he flies too high, and the sun melts his wings, causing him to fall into the sea and drown. The cautionary message is about the dangers of hubris and disobedience.
The chess game: Early in the story, Mr. White makes a risky move in the chess game, foreshadowing his decision to take risks with the paw despite the warnings.
Colonial Influence and Exoticism
The tale of The Monkey’s Paw is influenced by colonial England’s fascination with "exotic" items and mystical powers. The monkey’s paw, which comes from India, represents an artifact tied to colonial expansion and the unknown. At the time, many English writers incorporated Eastern themes into their work, often using mysterious items from the colonies as plot devices. In The Monkey’s Paw, the artifact is enchanted by a fakir (a term for a holy man in certain Eastern religions), and it carries with it a dark lesson about fate, warning against tampering with things beyond human understanding.
Sergeant-Major Morris’s warning: He explicitly cautions Mr. White about the dangers of the paw, saying, “The first man had his three wishes, yes. I don’t know what the first two were, but the third was for death.” This hint sets the expectation that wishes granted by the paw come with dire consequences.
Influences and the Victorian Fascination with the Supernatural
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, fascination with the supernatural, mysticism, and exotic cultures was at an all-time high in England. Many people were intrigued by tales of mystical objects and foreign lands, often brought back by soldiers, explorers, and traders from Britain's colonies. This curiosity about foreign artifacts, combined with Victorian society’s belief in fate and superstition, laid the perfect groundwork for a story like The Monkey’s Paw.
Herbert’s casual remarks: Herbert jokingly mocks the paw, saying they’ll “be famous” and rich, hinting at the tragic irony of his later death and the fulfillment of the wish.
Victorian Gothic Influence
Colonialism and the British Empire