Detective Presentation

START

types of

personal, factual, statistical, expert

evidence

expert

statistical

factual

personal

INDEX

PERSONAL EVIDENCE

Using first-hand experiences, stories, and observations to support your claim.

PAgE 04

PERSONAL EVIDENCE

• Personal observations: things you notice about the world around you.

• Personal expertise: using evidence from your personal expertise on a subject to support your argument.

• Personal stories: a personal story that directly relates to your argument and claim.

PERSONAL EVIDENCE

• uses rhetorial appeals (ethos, pathos, and/or logos)

• adds a human element to an argument, making it more relatable

RHETORICAL APPEAL:Logos: Refers to logic and reason. It involves using factual evidence, logical arguments, and rational reasoning to persuade the audience.

FACTUALEVIDENCE

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OPINIONS

FACTS VS.

• Facts are statements that can be proven with evidence, such as scientific data, while opinions are expressions of personal beliefs or feelings.

• Facts offer clear, agreed-upon information; they answer specific questions and are usually based on evidence collected from observations or research.

• Opinions show personal views and preferences based on individual judgment and beliefs, generally without being proven by evidence.

faCT-cHECKING

Facts help support your argument because they can be proven and verified; they make your argument believable. Therefore, be sure to rely on facts and evidence that are trustworthy. Trustworthy means that the information and the source can be trusted. If you use untrustworthy facts and information in an argument, the entire argument is likely to be flawed. Consider common traits of trustworthy information: The information comes from a reliable source, such as a textbook, a respected newspaper, or an expert. You can double-check the accuracy of information using another resource. The information makes sense based on what you already know.

A statistic is a number that tells people something about a group of things or people. It can help people understand a fact and make an argument. For instance, if you wanted to prove that pizza is a popular food across Pennsylvania, you could poll your fellow students and use those results to create a statistic such as "3 out of 4 students ate pizza in the past week."

STATISTICAL EVIDENCE

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STATISTICAL EVIDENCE

Statistics are useful forms of evidence because:

• they provide proof and facts

• they are clear and scientific

• because they are based on numbers, they are persuasive.

faCT-cHECKING

Facts help support your argument because they can be proven and verified; they make your argument believable. Therefore, be sure to rely on facts and evidence that are trustworthy. Trustworthy means that the information and the source can be trusted. If you use untrustworthy facts and information in an argument, the entire argument is likely to be flawed. Consider common traits of trustworthy information: The information comes from a reliable source, such as a textbook, a respected newspaper, or an expert. You can double-check the accuracy of information using another resource. The information makes sense based on what you already know.

EXPERT EVIDENCE

Expert opinions add knowledge, context, and persuasiveness to an argument.

PAgE 13

When you carefully choose and cite expert opinion, the experts' credibility reflects your own credibility as the writer of the argument. This is why it is so important to evaluate sources.

Including expert opinion also increases the ethos of your own argument. You show that you are interested in the research you are doing and that you care enough about the argument you are making to learn from experts.

It can be difficult to know who is an expert. An expert is someone with specialized knowledge, training, and experience in a specific field. An expert may have certifications, degrees, awards, or other acknowledgments that recognize their expertise.

For example, a medical doctor is an expert on the human body. Some specialize in fields such as sports medicine or children's medicine or in parts of the body, such as cardiac or heart health.

EXPERT EVIDENCE

Someone can be an expert in a field but not be credible. For instance, a medical doctor who specializes in heart conditions may not continue their studies after they graduate. Over time, they lose credibility because they no longer know and apply the most recent information in their field. Even a specialist in heart conditions who keeps up with the field is not as credible a source if you are asking about knee replacement surgery. Credibility is specific to an area of expertise.

Credible means that someone is trustworthy, objective, knowledgeable, and up-to-date.

Another way someone can lose credibility is if they demonstrate a personal preference or motivation that influences their expert opinion. Consider the same doctor referenced before. You find out that they are receiving money from a pharmaceutical company each time they prescribe a medication. This makes their expert opinion less credible since they are more likely to support information that increases the usage of that medicine.

argument complete

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Use this space to add awesome interactivity. Include text, images, videos, tables, PDFs... even interactive questions! Premium tip: Get information on how your audience interacts with your creation:

• Visit the Analytics settings;
• Activate user tracking;
• Let the communication flow!